Miniature Adults

Journal 2 Describe a situation or several situations you've encounters that reflect the fact that children are not miniature adults. They think differently, see the world differently, and live by different morals and ethical principles than adults. What are some ways of thinking and acting that are simple for adults but not so simple for children A situation that i have encountered was one day when i was playing with my three year old brother while we was listening to some music on the radio.All of sudden a song came on the radio and he started singing the entire song. At first i was extremely shock because i could not believe he knew every lyric to the song and he was only three years old. When the song finish i ask him how did he know the song the whole song he said he taught his self. I ask him could he count to twenty for me and he told me he could only count to five. So i told him if he knew all the lyrics to that song on the radio he should know how to count to twenty or farthe r. Related essay: Explain the Post 16 Options For Young People and AdultsI figured out when it comes to some things it easier for him to learn rather than other things. I also have to remeber that they think differently form us so what might seem to easy to learn for us might not be as easy for children to learn it. It just all really depends on the childrens ages and their stage of development. One way of thinking that is simple for adults but not so simple for children would be the example Piaget wrote about the grasp object permanance.Piaget argue that children must learn that objects exists even when the objects are not in the child's physical presence. For an example if you cover a child's toy the child may not remove because the would think it was automatically gone. After the age of two children often understand that objects still exist even if the can not see them. They now that if you try to cover up something or hide it still exists some where. They usually start trying to use symbols to represent these things in their minds so that they can still think about them.

Wassily Kandinsky

Wassily Kandinsky could have been the premier abstract artist of the 20th century is a world at war had no twice interfered with his artistic career and destroyed three of his early works. Kandinsky was born in Russia in 1866 and soon moved to Germany where he worked with the Bauhaus School of expressionist painters integrating art in architecture and design (â€Å"Artcyclopedia†).   He also founded the Der Blaue Reiter, a group of artists attempting to express and define spirituality through art (â€Å"Artcyclopedia†)   Kandinsky believed that music and art should be integrated as a well as a means of defining the influence of the soul on the outer world. To that end, he began his series called Composition and had completed 7 of them before the beginning of World War II. Tragically, the first three canvases in the series were destroyed during the war.   While Kandinsky could not have planned for the destruction of his work, the loss of the first three Composition pieces helps complete the series as an allegory for his life, the ultimate tribute to a man who believe art should be spiritual.At the only time in recent history when the entire collection, with full-size black and white photos of the lost three holding their place, was displayed, reviewer Mark harden called Kandinsky one of he most original and influential artists of the 20th century. â€Å"His â€Å"inner necessity† to express his emotional perceptions led to the development of an abstract style of painting that was based on the non-representational properties of color and form. Kandinsky's compositions were the culmination of his efforts to create a â€Å"pure painting† that would provide the same emotional power as a musical composition.The exhibition â€Å"Kandinsky: Compositions†, organized by Magdalena Dabrowski and on display at the Los Angeles County Art Museum until September 3, 1995, presents these monumental works together for the first and possib ly last time and provides an opportunity to witness the creative process of Kandinsky† (Harden, 1995). The loss of the first three works and the attempt at representing them in the show left the viewer with a great sense of loss, Harden wrote, but perhaps more interesting is the fact they were lost at sometime near the artist’s death in 1944. That they were destroyed in Germany during the war as some much of his life had been as well simply adds an ironic twist to the entire project.The other twist on the Composition   series is that the final painting is the only one of the series done on a black background. In 1911, when he was working on Composition IV and V, Kandinsky is quoted as saying, â€Å"(Black) is like the silence of the body after death, the close of life.†Ã‚   (Harden, 1995)   He painted Composition X on a black background just five years before his death, when Germany was once again disrupting the world and taking the world back to war.By 1911, Kandinsky was already a world-renowned painter and known for his desire to incorporate spirituality into his art but as tension rose in Europe, he returned to his native Moscow where he remained until 1921. Compositions VI and VII would be completed in 1913 and then he did not return to the series until a decade late.   (Geggenheim, 2007). â€Å"Composition VII is the pinnacle of Kandinsky's pre-World War One artistic achievement. The creation of this work involved over thirty preparatory drawings, watercolors and oil studies. Each of these is included in the exhibition, documenting the deliberate creative process used by Kandinsky in his compositions. Amazingly, once he had completed the preparatory work, Kandinsky executed the actual painting of Composition VII in less than four days.† (Harden, 1995).Composition VII may have also been intended to be his finale in the series as art scholars â€Å"through Kandinsky's writings and study of the less abstract preparatory wor ks, have determined that Composition VII combines the themes of The Resurrection, The Last Judgment, The Deluge and The Garden of Love in an operatic outburst of pure painting† (Harden, 1995). Because Kandinsky had such a strong belief in the use of abstraction to present underlying themes with symbols and it is likely that he had intended this wrapping up of religious themes to be his final work in the series (Long, 1975).   Then, he began his self-imposed exile to his native land and stayed there until it appeared Germany was a haven again for thought and progress.In 1922, he joined Bauhaus and in 1923, painted Compositions VIII, like all the works in the series it was highly representational of his emotions and mental state at the time of its painting. â€Å"Composition VIII reflects the influence of Suprematism and Constructivism absorbed by Kandinsky while in Russia prior to his return to Germany to teach at the Bauhaus. Here, Kandinsky has moved from color to form as the dominating compositional element. Contrasting forms now provide the dynamic balance of the work; the large circle in the upper left plays against the network of precise lines in the right portion of the canvas.† (Harden, 1975)   This work also is more bright and less chaotic than his final pre-war effort, possible indicative of a more upbeat and spiritual peaceful time. Kandinsky was making progress in his work, developing with the group at Bauhaus and gaining additional international acclaim. His first solo show in New York coincided with this work (Guggenheim, 2007).Perhaps this perceived happiness and his involvement in other pursuits is why it would be another 10 years before Kandinsky added another painting to the Compositions series. He gained citizenship in Germany in 1928 and seemed contented in his new homeland until 1933 when Bauhaus was one of the early casualties of the Nazi government. He then moved to France where his Composition IX was definitely influence d by the surrealists gaining popularity there (Harden, 1995). After Composition IX was completed in 1936, Europe once again became an ugly place to live and in 1937, 57 of Kandinsky’s works were seized by the Nazi government.(Guggenheim, 2007). Some, like the first three Composition pieces, were destroyed.Two years later, in 1939, Kandinsky completed the series, breaking from all the previous works and creating his work on a field of black. Given his earlier statements about the color and the loss of his other works, it is no doubt a reflection of the very pain in Kandinsky’s soul brought on by the second World War. â€Å"The outstanding characteristic of Composition X is obviously the stark, black ground. The colors and forms appear particularly sharp against the black background. The brilliance of the colored shapes brings to mind the cutouts done by Matisse over a decade later.The movement of the forms is distinctly upward and outward from both sides of a central a xis running through the book-like form near the top of the canvas. This movement enhances the evocation of hot-air balloon forms rising into an infinite space. The round form between the book shape and the brown balloon shape has a lunar feel to it that even conveys a feeling of literal â€Å"outer space†. Kandinsky had always expressed a strong dislike for the color black and it is significant that he chose it as the dominating color of his last major artistic statement.† (Harden, 1995).Ultimately, the reviewer is right and the final Composition is kandinsky’s statement about his loss and the world at war. â€Å"For Kandinsky, if that objective element of a painting were taken away, the building blocks of the composition would reveal themselves to cause a feeling of repose and tranquil repetition, of well-balanced parts.† (Dabrowski, 1995).  Ã‚   The artist spent a lifetime telling the world that he disliked the color black and that his work was all abo ut the symbolism and the meaning behind the painting itself.   It makes perfect sense then that his final major work would be about death itself and the life that has been interposed over it. Whether Kandinsky knew that Compositions X would be among his final works is not clear.What is clear is that death too is symbolic of loss and pain, emotions that the highly spiritual Kadinsky could not help but feel when his work was captured by the Nazi regime. Perhaps more so than even the usual artist, Kandinsky was tied to his art, deeply and emotional. That they were an expression of his belief system and his very soul make the loss of the first three Compositions even more tragic.Sadly, World War II was a horrible time for the great works, with many works of art lost forever to the savages of war. The difference in Kandinsky’s work, as opposed to other great masters, is that the artist was still alive and he was able to present one last finale, to express the pain and rage and t he destruction and to show that life, even without art, must sometimes go on.WORKS CITEDDabrowski, Magdelena. â€Å"Kandinsky:Compositions† Museum of Modern art: New York, 1995.â€Å"Geggenheim Museum†, http://www.guggenheimcollection.org/site/artist_bio_71.html, November 14, 2007Harden, Mark. â€Å"Kandinsky: Compositions† http://www.glyphs.com/art/kandinsky/, November 14, 2007.Long, Rose-Carol Washton. â€Å"Kandinsky's Abstract Style: The Veiling of Apocalyptic Folk Imagery†,Art Journal > Vol. 34, No. 3 (Spring, 1975), pp. 217-228 Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0004-3249%28197521%2934%3A3%3C217%3AKASTVO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4 , November 14, 2007.â€Å"Wassily Kandinsky† November 14, 2007.

Using of Tidal Model of Mental Health Nursing Essay

Using of Tidal Model of Mental Health Nursing - Essay Example As a link between the doctor and client, the nurse needs to be aware of minute details that could play significant roles in treatment and recovery. The present case is of an 80 year old female within an APATT based community setting, who has a history of mental illness from before the present incidence. The Tidal Model of Care shall be used in the process of assessment and treatment to enable recovery. The Role of the Professional Nurse and Its Impact on Patient Care As a link between the client and doctor, the nurse plays a key role at each stage of treatment. The RCN defines Nursing as â€Å"the use of clinical judgment in the provision of care to enabled people to improve, maintain or recover health; to cope with health problems, and to achieve the best possible quality of life, whatever their disease or disability, until death† (RCN, 2003). The professional nurse has a range of responsibilities and roles (GMC, 1995) that parallel in importance to that of the doctor. Irresp ective of the reasons for this growth in the responsibilities shouldered by the nursing community; an evident fact is that nursing now has a strong impact on the process of care and recovery experienced by a client. It is thus necessary to establish processes that are most beneficial, and to develop a perspective that allows the nurse to interpret the process of treatment to the specific needs of the client. The Tidal Model of Care provides just this philosophical approach to mental health nursing. The Tidal Model A nursing model has been defined as â€Å"A collection of interrelated concepts that provides direction for nursing practice; research and education that approaches the nursing process in a logical, systematic way and influences the very data the nurse collects.† (Rambo, 1984). The Tidal Model of Mental Health Nursing was suggested by Professors Phil Barker, Chris Stevenson and Poppy Buchanan-Barker amongst others. The basis for the approach is the continuous change in all individuals at all times Kitson, 1999. The Tidal Model attempts to make sense of the personal experiences of people, and the role these experiences play in recovery. It believes that a client is capable of leading their own recovery instead of being directed by professionals (Barkway, 2009). The model is based on 6 philosophical assumptions: Barker (2008). 1. Virtue of curiosity: Genuine curiosity can help the professional learn about experiences central to the clients’ illness and recovery. 2. Power of resourcefulness: Available resources need to be identified and used effectively to aid recovery. 3. Respect for the person’s wishes: Patients are cognisant of their own needs and abilities. It is important to listen to them. 4. Paradox of crisis: Every crisis situation can be used as a pointer to the needs of the individual; and can be used to fuel eventual recovery. 5. All goals must belong to the person: Ownership over recovery goals gives the client a feeling of control over the direction and pace of recovery; and is important in the long term maintenance of health. 6. Pursuing elegance: It is easy to be overrun by complex and tedious treatments. The most optimal treatment is often the one that requires the least effort in covering all chosen goals. These assumptions have become the base for the development of a set of 10 commitments that a nurse using the Tidal

Summaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Summaries - Essay Example More needs to be done to protect their interests, for instance the horn of the rhinoceros is sold for a lot of money and the poachers lay a trap to capture the animals and then they mercilessly kill the rhinoceros by removing the horn from the body, the horn is then sold by the poachers but it also takes the live away of a rhinoceros. Several animals are being targeted and the author is quite displeased about the same, this must be put an end to because it is going to take several more lives away and it will also affect the food chain if nothing is done about it. Circle games level 2 is an intriguing book, it sheds light upon new techniques with the help of which one can learn English and it is quite an intriguing book, it is especially good for those who are just starting out to learn English. It is at an elementary level, the specialty of the book is that it comes with audio Compact discs which makes learning English much easier, this is a great initiative to add compact discs with the book because learning becomes so much easier when there are discs with the book. There are interesting games for the learners so that they can learn the language easily, this is again a good initiative, it has seven levels and it also keeps the learners motivated all the time. There is always that curiosity to get to the next level and in the process the learners learn more and more new things so the whole process of learning is facilitated. Kong the eighth wonder of the world is quite an intriguing book and It gets the readers hooked completely, it revolves around struggling actors trying to make a quick buck and it also involves a film maker who wants to make a big impression but they are out of work and most importantly out of ideas but it all takes a turn when they see Kong. Kong is arguably the most important character in the book, the ending is great when Kong saves Ann, she also gets emotionally attached to Kong which is really good to see in the book, it

Women in the Military Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women in the Military - Research Paper Example However these people did not have any rank. Though they served the duties of army and played an integral part for the forces they were not considered soldiers or significant section of the military. During the Civil wars there apart from espionage and duties some women also disguised as men took part in the struggle. (Devilibiss, 1) History of Participation of Women The participation of women in military has a long history. The folklore tells the story of Molly Pitcher who served in the Continental Army. But the women in military services first began in 1901 and 1908 when they were employed in the Army and Navy Nurse Corps. But in both the forces their roles were restricted to nursing. The nurses were sent along with the troops wherever required. However they were regarded mainly as an auxiliary force and never took part in actual warfare. The nurses in the initial days had no uniform or ranks and they were never considered as soldiers. During World War I for the first time women wer e employed in non-nursing profession. However these services were mainly as clerks, typists, and telephone operators. There was no risk involved and the services were typically perceived as feminine. Around 49,000 women served during this time. After the war they were returned to the normal civilian life. More women participation was seen during the World War II all around the world including Soviet Union, Great Britain and America. In the American forces the participation was restricted to only 2.3% only. Several new units like the WASP (Women’s Air Service Pilot), WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service), and WAAC (Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps) was formed. But their roles and promotions were restricted till 1967. The first rights to equal opportunities came with the Public Law 90-130 during the late seventies. In 1980 the Air Force Academy class saw for the first time students from both sexes in a class (Mitchell, 1-35). Since them the participation of the women has come a long way with the report of Military Leadership Diversity Council that has recommended the participation of women in combat in the United States Army. (Burgoyne). Women and War: Sociological Aspect Many discussions have been conducted about women’s participation in war and peace. One of the significant theories in this respect is the Feminist Peace and Conflict Theory. This theory has considered the life and the encounters of women in warfare and postulated various theories. IL the 1980s the scholars have argued that traditionally the women are advocates of peace while the men make wars. The underlying logic is that the men are more aggressive than women. Therefore they are the main proponents of war. Mary Daly and the workers of the Ecofeminist movement have proposed such thoughts. The structuralists have argued that the gendered bias of profession finds their resonance in the masculine perception of military and nation state. Many have argued that the c ontribution of women in defense have been conveniently omitted due to the patriarchal nature of historiography. The existentialist theorists have given a different argument. According to them the women in a patriarchal society are conceived as the other due to the construction of the gender concept based on existence. Therefore their participation in all forms of decision making and military was restricted. However the role of women as warriors in the struggles of Nicaragua and Vietnam changes the idea of women as the advocators of pacifist movements. New lights were shed on the perception of gender based on the aggressiveness and submissiveness. The

Spotify TM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Spotify TM - Essay Example The report bases its arguments on research information from various sources. Moreover, the report provides various recommendations about the topic. These recommendations are relevant to any company that considers information systems significant in their operations. Introduction Spotify TM is a music service company that streams music to its customers through desktop and mobile phone. The company has a vast database with millions of songs that millions of subscribers can listen to from the internet. Currently, the company has more than 20 million users. Its services are mostly available to European countries (Li, Peters, Richardson & Weidenmier, 2012). It has been able to maintain its market in the competitive music business due to its competitive nature. The company also uses strategic measures that have been able to keep the company running. Its key technique has been the use of information systems that are strong enough to sustain the business plan of the corporation. This report f ormulates and evaluates the company’s strategy and frameworks in maintaining their business. It also discusses theoretical perspectives on how the company uses technology to build a competitive advantage for its sustainability. Moreover, the report also provides recommendations that the company can adopt to enhance its business. The company allows one to buy a spotify software program that users can use to stream music from a huge collection of music, and tracks (Lashley, & Clark 2013). Users stream this music using their computers, mobile phones, and tablets. The need exists for one to download the music he listens to, but only entails streaming the music. SPOTIFY TM All companies have business strategies of which state their goals. Business strategies state methods through which they will be able to attain the set goals. Spotify TM has been able to implement various models by Michael Porter in achieving its goals. Spotify TM uses information systems to its advantage in usin g the five forces model. For instance, the company’s uses an interactive website that provides easy navigation by a subscriber on the internet (Rice, 2010). The website arranges its content in a good way that makes the content well visible. The font that the website uses is attractive and makes it easy for a subscriber to view things clearly. Therefore, subscribers become loyal as the company provides better services to its customers. This aspect has been able to create a barrier to new companies from entering into the market (Jenkins, Leicht & Jaynes, 2008). In addition, users can browse music by record label, album, genre, playlist, artists, and through direct searches. With a better website that provides quick services to its customers, the company has been able to lower its charges to its subscribers. It also provides a free six-month trial period once one creates an account. This is due to the increase of subscribers to the company’s services. This creates a buyer power that helps the company to maintain its companies. There are also wide alternatives that customers can choose from in their subscription plans. Hence, the company has a wide range of customers that can subscribe to its services. The company allows one to listen to an unlimited number of music that supports radio-style advertising that the company removes once one subscribes fully.

SWOT Analysis for EasyJet Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

SWOT Analysis for EasyJet - Case Study Example EasyJet is based on short haul air transport in a price in-elastic target segment and based on the concept that is that if prices are reduced, more people will fly. EasyJet flies to 33 locations in Europe with a fleet of over 120 aircraft and sells over 95% of its tickets through the internet. SWOT Analysis of EasyJet The SWOT analysis of a company examines the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats faced by the company. Key success factors of the company can be identified from such an analysis and recommendations can be made leveraging on the strengths and opportunities of the company while trying to mitigate the threats and overcome the weakness of the company. There are both micro and macro economic factors influencing the opportunities and threats of EasyJet in the market place. Strengths EasyJet mission statement documents all that the company stands for and represents the key strengths of the company. It states, "To provide our customers with safe, good value, point-to-point air services. To effect and to offer a consistent and reliable product and fares appealing to leisure and business markets on a range of European routes. To achieve this we will develop our people and establish lasting relationships with our suppliers." In addition, the strengths of EasyJet come from the key concepts adopted by it, which is pitfall of traditional large airlines. The concepts include eliminating unnecessary costs and 'frills', which characterise 'traditional' airlines such as (1) Use of the Internet to reduce distribution costs - approximately 95 % of all seats are sold over the Internet, making EasyJet one of Europe's biggest Internet retailers (2) Maximise the utilisation of the substantial assets... In spite of various threats in the market place, EasyJet is a well-established player in the low cost airline segment in Europe and is poised to grow leveraging on their strengths and utilising opportunities available in the market. Though at a micro economic level various changes can be done, macro economic changes at a larger scale will have more benefit and impact for the growth of EasyJet and a few key areas of improvement for growth would include: Target newer markets – The US, Trans Atlantic flights and newer destinations are area of growth; Ã' ontrol costs by becoming a larger player more quickly and have the efficiencies from scale of operation. This could be by merging or buying out a US airline like Air Tran or Jet Blue or other smaller European competitors like Buzz or Niki Air, etc.; aggressive bid for new slots at airports, lock in further volumes of new aircraft from Airbus.

Categories of heroes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Categories of heroes - Essay Example These heroes have made a mark in the world with their exceptional skills in different business enterprises. Most of these heroes have written many books on success in business and many people take them as role models especially in business (Kariv 38-45). The scientific field has produced many talented scientists who have made inventions that have contributed to the advancement of the modern society. Such scientists attract many young and upcoming scientists who wish to make similar or better achievements. One of the best role models in the scientific world is Albert Einstein. He is believed to be the brightest scientist who ever lived. Interestingly, Einstein saw other scientists such as Isaac Newton as role model. It is important to note that different scientists from different scientific fields appeal to different people. Certainly, entertainers have the greatest influence and therefore great role models especially to the young people. It is not surprising that entertainers influence our dress code, lifestyle, language among others. Entertainment heroes such as Michael Jackson, Bob Marley, Mariah Carey, among others have been great role models to many people including other artists who strive to achieve their marks of success. The entertainment world is diverse and therefore, entertainment role models vary from one field to another. For example, some people have role models from movies, reality shows, music, acting, acrobats among others. People who value religion see religious leaders as the best role models. This is a very important category of role models since they are responsible for modeling the society to be a good place to live in. Reinhardt Bonnke, Lisa Bevere, Rick Warren, and Franklin Graham are some of the most influential religious leaders in U.S. these heroic leaders are responsible for the spiritual nourishment of the society. They play a very big role in shaping and modeling the younger generation religious leaders. However, historical

Video games Essay Example for Free

Video games Essay Today, video games have become the most popular means of entertainment throughout our world. More than three-quarters of American youths have video-game consoles, and on a typical day at least 40 percent play a video game. Moreover, recently there has been a wide range of studies by professors throughout the world all focusing on the idea of whether or not video games are causing the youth to become a more illogical violent society in the future. Moreover, some people believe they are just a waste of precious time. However, they have been proven by many scholars that they are not only the best means of entertainment, but also one of the best sources of learning and improving brain performance and strategies, speed of alertness and decision making, and problem solving skills. Coming up with good strategies can be very handy for our lives whether it be in business, learning, teaching, etc. Nowadays video games have been proved to make people smarter towards creative strategy thinking. For example, it has been stated that â€Å"While there are many games that place a premium on strategy, most set an overall goal and give the gamer numerous ways in which he or she can achieve that goal. † Vila, Monica. 7 Reasons Why Your Son Should Play Video Games. http://www. babble. com/. N. p. , 04 Feb 2013. Web. 4 Nov. 2013. Video games teach kids to think objectively about both the games themselves and their own performance. In addition, players also get instant feedback on their decisions and quickly learn their own strengths and weaknesses through try and error since they get unlimited lives in a video game. Video games have a great effect on the youth regarding decision making. Some researchers compared action video-gamers and non-gamers with a series of simple decision-making experiments. Gamers devoted at least five hours weekly in the year before the experiment to playing action video games, such as Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and Halo 2. They presented volunteers with arrays of dots, asked them to identify which way the dots were moving, and varied the number of dots moving in the same direction to make the task easier or harder. Video games get kids to think. There are dozens of video games that are specifically geared towards learning, but even the most basic shooter game teaches kids to think logically and quickly process large amounts of data. Rather than passively absorbing content from, say, a TV show, a video game requires the player’s constant input to tell the story. Moreover, well known sources such as the video games CQ research proved this characteristic about video gaming â€Å"Games stress taking your knowledge and applying it. That’s pretty crucial in the modern world,† says University of Wisconsin Professor of Reading James Gee. † Glazer, Sarah. Video Games. Congressional Quarterly, 2006. 939. Print. Indeed, the argument that video and computer games are superior to school in helping children learn as gaining currency in academic circles. Claimed benefits include improved problem-solving, mastery of scientific investigation and the ability to apply information learned to real-life situations. In conclusion, as you have seen, there is more than just killing and violence in video games. Our future children should be more exposed to video games not only for ways of entertainment, but also for the sake of improving their intelligence whether it be in creating new strategies, enhancing problem solving skills, or even allowing them to make better life decisions.

Hey I Would Like to Smoke Weed Essay Example for Free

Hey I Would Like to Smoke Weed Essay Opinion essays are discursive essays in which we present our personal opinion on a particular topic. They are normally written in a formal style. An opinion essay consists of: * an introduction in which we introduce the topic and state our opinion clearly. * a main body which consists of two or more paragraphs, each presenting a separate viewpoint supported by reasons/examples. We can include a paragraph giving the opposing viewpoint supported by reasons/examples. * a conclusion in which we restate our opinion using different words. We start each main-body paragraph with an appropriate topic sentence that states the main idea of the paragraph. Each topic sentence is followed by supporting sentences that further explain the main idea of the paragraph. We use present tenses in this type of essay. We also use appropriate linking words and phrases to join your ideas. To list viewpoints: To start with, Firstly, In the first place, In addition, Besides, Furthermore, Moreover, Also, etc. To introduce supporting sentences (examples): for example, for instance, in particular, such as/like, etc. To introduce opposing ideas: On the other hand, However, etc. To conclude: All in all, Lastly, Taking everything into account, To sum up, All things considered, etc. Formal style is characterized by: * formal expressions, advanced vocabulary, longer sentences, e.g.: First-time buyers need to consider their financial circumstances carefully before committing to a mortgage. * Formal linking words/phrases, e.g.: Moreover, steps should be taken to †¦ * No use of short forms, e.g.: There is always something†¦ (NOT: There’s always something†¦) * Impersonal tone i.e. use of the passive, e.g.: Tenants are required to contribute towards the upkeep of the garden.

Possibilities Of Current Global Issues My Impact Tourism Tourism Essay

Possibilities Of Current Global Issues My Impact Tourism Tourism Essay Political issues, tourism have dominated the economies of many Caribbean islands today causing local island governments to feel charged with promoting and further developing their islands tourism industry and infrastructure. Tourism is a cluster of human activities associated with the desire and ability of people to travel outside their environment. Such travel places demands upon political institutions in a given policy for regulation of both inbound and outbound tourism and for adjustments in various aspects of the society. Political issues affect the sustainability of tourism in many ways, some of the ways are the foreign exchange also call the international relations policy this is how much the host country will interact with other country to bring in money to the country, which benefit the country, but for this to happen policies must be put in place by the government to help protect a countrys national interests, national security, ideological goals, and economic prosperity, so this impacts the sustainability of the Caribbean by allowing money come into the country to help build tourism economically. Another is the political issues on the environment, this is objects surrounding the environment, government have to put in place laws to restrict infrastructure from being built in prestige and fragile places that could destroy the area which are voluntary to the country. With government policies like this it impacts the country positively not only for tourist but also for residents. Natural and man-made disasters are bound to happen in the Caribbean, the islands are located along the path of hurricanes, which irremissibly come to us every year. This is something that the islands have lived with since time immemorial, that is to say, the aspects related to regional beauty are linked to the phenomena that affect us every year but as nature lives in harmony with itself, it has the ability to recover from the effects of hurricanes, regenerating plants and redirecting the course of rivers that overflow their banks; in addition to bringing moisture to dry land. We humans have occupied the natural environment but have not learnt to co-exist with our habitat. Our societies have not been able to formulate mechanisms to prevent natural events from producing the social disasters that we usually have every year in one or several of our countries. In other words, hurricanes are natural, but disasters are man-made, since the responsibility for the damages brought about by hur ricanes is eminently social; it is therefore up to us humans to seek harmony with nature so that its phenomena would not have the negative effects that we regrettably suffer from time to time. Since we can influence neither the occurrence nor the trajectory of hurricanes, we must be prepared, so as to avoid or at least reduce such negative effects. In that respect, there have been great advancements in scientific knowledge pertaining to such phenomena, such as their origin, speed, wave height, wind force, temperature, that is to say, everything we need in order to know the exact time of arrival and departure, which puts us in a position to anticipate how we will be affected, taking into consideration the environmental conditions of the islands. Some of the man-made disasters are like pollution , whether to the air land or sea, from either the cruise ships or from hotels , these have a negative impact on the Caribbean because if the island become deteriorated then no tourist will wan t to visit the island since there is nothing there to attract them and if the island is doomed for a hurricane or Natural disaster constantly there only going to be little or no tourist that visits the country because they want to protect themself and also enjoy the tourism product of the country. Technology issues in the Caribbean region will need to adopt strategies and the actions to put it in the forefront of technological change. It is in the marketing and distribution areas that the use of technology is most critical. Natural advantages (sun, sand and sea) are no longer sufficient to give the Caribbean the competitive edge in global markets. New technologies are driving the new tourism from the supply side. New technologies are making it possible to supply individual tailor-made holidays that are cost-competitive with mass standardized and rigidly packaged options. Technology is driving the new tourism. It is creating the basis for flexibility and individuality of the travel experience without necessarily increasing costs. Economic issues amongst tourism sector offers a number of opportunities for linkages, which have not been fully exploited. From organic food production and cut flowers, to health services, high fashion for the tropics and environmental services, the potentials are enormous. These potentials must be analysed on a sector by sector basis using new strategies of development based on the principles of product focus and production flexibility. There is need to create more linkages between tourism and other sectors of the economy, particularly services of developing the axial potential of the tourism sector: using the presence of a tourism sector to develop other exports, e.g. sports, ecotourism, high fashion, environment services, health tourism. Three key issues of economic impact have also been identified: the high leakage of the tourism sector and the low levels of linkages developed between tourism and the other sectors of the economy; the need for more research and analysis; and the n eed to develop strategies and actions to maximize the Economic impacts of tourism. The Human resource issue is one of the key strategic issues facing the Caribbean tourism sector which is to ensure that the continued competitiveness of the sector in global markets. A number of factors will reinforce the competitiveness of the Caribbean tourism sector. One is the Human resource development; the key to quality is the human resources that deliver quality services. The development of the human resource base on the Caribbean tourism sector is a key priority. There is an urgent need to invest in the training and development of human resources that would manage the tourism industry in an efficient, profitable and sustainable manner and also provide quality services to an increasingly demanding international clientele. It is in the critically important field of human resource development that the accommodation sector faces its toughest challenge. In the increasingly competitive world of international tourism, the days of enthusiastic amateurs are over. Technical efficiency and professional service are the distinguishing marks of success. Tourists are becoming increasingly sceptical in their choice of tourism destination. A major factor that has been gaining importance in their selection set is the environmental quality of their preferred destination. Tourism planners need to recognize that the sustainability of their destination and its various offerings necessitates the consideration of environmental protection and conservation-related issues. This essay undertakes the study to explore the link between implementing better human resource, upgrading technologies, maximizing economic, political and Natural and manmade disasters to gain more tourism knowledge on how to help sustain pristine and unique areas that attracts tourist to the Caribbean.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Essays -- Biography

Biography of Franklin Delano Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt, popularly known as FDR, was born on January 30, 1882 at the family estate in Hyde Park, New York. His father, James, graduated from Harvard Law School, married, had a son, and took over his family?s rights in coal and transportation. Despite the fact that he lost a good deal of money in financial gambles, he remained wealthy enough to travel by private railroad car, to live comfortably on his Hudson River estate at Hyde Park, and to travel at length. After his first wife died, James waited four years to remarry to Sara Delano, a sixth cousin. She was also a member of the Hudson River aristocracy, and although she was only half of James? 52 years, she settled into their Hyde Park estate quite comfortably. The marriage worked well until it was broken by James? death in 1900. Young Franklin Roosevelt had a secure and pleasant childhood. His half-brother was already an adult when Franklin was born, and so he had no rival for the attention of his parents. During the summer months he would travel with his parents to Europe, to the seaside in New England, or to Campobello Island off the coast of New Brunswick, where he developed a love for the ocean and sailing. Until the age of 14 FDR received his education from private tutors. FDR?s most lasting educational experience was at Groton School in Massachusetts, which he attended from 1896 to 1900. Groton?s headmaster, Reverend Endicott Peabody, instilled the virtue of public service in Franklin, and this would be something that he would carry with him throughout his life. At Groton FDR was not academically outstanding, nor did he gain vast popularity,? Franklin struggled to fit in?but he was only a spindly five f... ...peril. But both did so while at the same time holding free elections in which their opponents might have won the office. Through vast national support, Roosevelt was able to rekindle America?s spirit in itself, ?A man who could not walk became president of a country that had lost hope. With a simple set of beliefs- a belief that things could be improved, a belief in the Democratic process- he transmitted his own confidence to the nation? (Morgan 772). And the nation followed his lead. Bibliography: Works Cited Davis, Kenneth S. FDR: The War President 1940-1943. New York: Random House, 2000. Miller, Nathan. FDR: An Intimate History. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1983. Morgan, Ted. FDR: A Biography. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985. Robinson, Edgar Eugene. The Roosevelt Leadership 1933-1945. New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1955.

Religions, Morals and Civilization Essay -- religious beliefs

Religions, Morals and Civilization   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the dawn of man, people have had their own forms of religion. Be it simple ceremonial burial or complex blessing rituals, each person had their own way to explain the wonders of nature like, how did we come here and what our purpose here was. Another thing that each individual person had was their own morals. Morals are what define a civilization. Labels like peaceful or barbaric are put on different civilizations because of their morals. The morality of each civilization defined their religious beliefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The lives of people who lived in the early ancient history time period were tough. They had to roam the land always looking for new game to hunt and plants and berries to gather. The people weren't united because of all this traveling, and therefore contact with other people was minimal. Morals are hard to develop without much contact with other people and so the religion of these early people was minimal. Then came the development of farming into this time period. Farming brought the people together. Small cities began to develop because the people didn't have to move around as much. With all this closeness, the people developed moral views on what to think about thieves or murderers. If certain civilizations didn't mind violence and killing, then they developed into a Brutal civilization. Consequently, the religions of these civilizations were evolved around sacrificial rituals and allegiance to brutal gods. The Assyrian civilization worked around this principle. They used scare tactics to overcome their enemies and treated their captives badly. They also believed in powerful gods who they feared. If certain civilizations became peaceful, then their religion reflected their peaceful nature and didn't have things like sacrifices. The people in peaceful civilizations believed in their religion because they wanted to not because they were afraid to. A good example of this is the Hebrews. The Hebrews were a peaceful people who disliked violence. Because of this peaceful nature, their religion taught values like brotherhood, charity, human dignity, and universal peace. Violent cultures cause violent religions and peaceful cultures create peaceful religion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Greeks were a peaceful civilization. They believed in the idea of democracy and they strongly believed in philos... ...nce and being different. It isn't a coincidence that their religion contains many different gods each with its own personality and skills, like humans. The Roman culture dealt with so many different cultures, that its morals were frequently changing. The Romans changed their religion three times. During the Middle Ages, there was a decline of intelligence, cleanliness, and overall morals. The church became the tax collection agency, the hospital, and the school, which is a direct correlation between the decline in morals. So the increase in power of the church in the Middle Ages was because of a change in morals. The Renaissance was a rebirth of ideas and morality. These changes had the greatest effect on the church, which had grown strong in the Middle Ages. The peoples changing morals forced them to adopt new religions like Luthernism and Protestantism. Morals are what define a human being. They become present in every part of life, especially religion. Because civilization is moving so fast forward, peoples morals are changing rapidly too. When peoples morals change, it changes their whole life. That is why there have been so many different religions in the past.

Canturbury Tales: Situational Irony in the Pardoner’s Story

Situational Irony in The Pardoner’s Story In The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer the Pardoner’s actions of dishonesty and greed are prime examples of situational irony. Situational irony is when something or someone does the opposite of what is expected. ‘In church he was a noble ecclesiast’ (Chaucer 141) The Pardoner is supposedly a man of God, yet he does not act like it. He is disrespectful and even dishonest. However, he comes off as righteous by telling biblical stories and preaching. By being hypocritical and greedy the Pardoner is the perfect example of situational irony. To begin, the Pardoner shows situational irony by being dishonest. He steals from the church constantly. ‘†¦with others I have power to win them from it, I can bring them to repent†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Chaucer 151) Basically, he acts as a salesman by talking people into buying more pardons, and then keeps the money for himself. He uses his talent of thinking on his feet and coming up with great biblical stories to earn money, ‘A yokel mind loves stories of old, being the kind it can repeat and hold†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Chaucer 152) He convinces people the things they have done are worse than they are, therefore they are conned into giving him more money, which he keeps all for himself. As ironic as it is to see the Pardoner be dishonest, it is even more ironic how greedy is. Like mentioned before he makes his living off of selling pardons, even pardons against avarice, yet he is very greedy himself. He admits he’ll go after anyone for money. ‘I mean to have money†¦though it were given to me by the poorest lad†¦ ’ (Chaucer 152) He admits to preaching only because he wants money saying, ‘A livelihood. I do not preach in vain†¦I mean to have money†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Chaucer 152) It is also very apparent that the Pardoner is greedy enough to steal from the collection baskets in church, ‘But best of all he sang an Offertory†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Chaucer 141) This implies he takes the money from there as well. In conclusion, the Pardoner in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer is a living example of situational irony. He is dishonest and greedy. Instead of doing his duties to the church and helping others with sins, he takes advantage of peoples’ guilt and pockets the money. He does not care about the church and even admits to not liking work, ‘†¦Let me preach and beg from kirk to kirk and never do an honest job of work†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Chaucer 152) This just sums up the situational irony of the Pardoner. He appears to be a man of God helping people absolve there sins, but ironically he is dishonest and greedy.

GAAS, GAGAS and PCAOB Auditing Standards

Audit standards are set codes of conduct for auditors when auditing financial statements or other financial issues of a company. There is also a relation to performance audit and certain attestation engagements.The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) established all Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS). GAAS, in turn, formed the basis for other standards like the Generally Accepted Government Auditing Standards (GAGAS) and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB). This paper seeks to define those three standards, while clarifying the similarities and differences between them.All the three standards have some underlying similarities. They all address the basic audit issues like transparency, accuracy, reliability etc of financial statements.They all also spell out standards for audit field work and performances, simultaneously spelling out, on a dynamic base, the education and qualifications required of the audit and audit assistants. All th e three standards ultimately target the protection of the firm and its assets or finances. They minimize operational risks. And though driven by different objects, GAGAS and PCAOB are based on the AICPA’s GAAS.The different objectives of the three auditing standards results in a difference in their content, approach, criteria and specifications. Nowadays, the GAAS primarily deals with audits of non-issuer public companies. PCAOB, on the other hand, addresses the concerns of auditors auditing issuer and certified public companies.Its hold in matters of issuer companies, as controlled by the American Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is paramount. GAGAS, as set by the Government Accountability Office, applies to government organizations or organizations availing government assistance, setting auditing standards for their functions, activities, programs and so on.[1]IntroductionThe external audits of governmental and non-governmental entities may be broadly classified int o Financial Audits, Performance Audits and Attestation Engagements. Auditing Standards have some General Standards, as well as Field Work Standards and Reporting (GAO, July 2007).The Generally Accepted Audit Standards (GAAS) are issued as Statements on Audit Standards (SAS)[2]. This is done by the Audit Standards Board or ASB which has been set up by the AICPA. These standards relate principally to the audit processes and procedures which are to be adopted by the public companies not issuing shares. [3]The General Accepted Auditing Standards are sets of systematic guidelines used when conducting audits on company finances, to ensure accuracy, consistency and verifiability of auditor’s action and reports.However, for auditing government bodies, the US Government Accounting Office sets separate rules and standards, outlined by the GAGAS. These include auditing of their activities and programs, as well as all their functions.The objective is to ensure proper use of funded assist ance availed from government bodies or agencies. (GAO, Jul 2008). Companies that issue shares and that are registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission were placed under the standards of the PCAOB[4].As per the provisions of GAGAS, their reference incorporates GAAS, unless the Government Accounting Office specifically excludes them through a formal announcement. Sometimes, depending on the audit requirements and the organization being audited, GAGAS may be used together with PCAOB.Basic Objectives and Premises behind all Audit Standards:The similarities amongst all the auditing standards may be drawn from their basic premises and government policies driving them. For example, all auditing standards serve as a regulatory tool, prescribing the process to be followed by auditors, and determining what is to be scrutinized in the financial statements, internal control processes and management performances.Audits done on an organization’s financial statements express an o pinion on the fairness with which the statements represent the status and changes in the financial position, operational results and cash flows.Universally, audits need to be performed by a person or persons who has/have adequate technical training and proficiency as an auditor. The auditors need to maintain their independence so that their assessment and opinions reflect an impartial and objective view of the issues involved. They are also expected to exercise due professional care in planning and conducting the audit report [5].The auditor must have sufficient knowledge of internal control processes so as to enable him to plan properly and arrive at the nature, extent and timing of tests to be performed for ensuring a proper audit. While in the field, the work needs to be adequately planned and properly supervised.The competency and sufficiency of evidence reviewed needs to be assured so that the auditor and others can form a proper opinion on the financial matters in the organiza tion, which is subjected to the audit.All performance audits have similar standards. The auditors must prepare written audit reports communicating the audit results[6].   The audit reports should be prepared and made available so as to ensure timely use by management legislative and other interested parties.The auditors must report the scope, objectives and methodology of audits. They must report any significant findings of audits and in the applicable cases, also the auditor’s conclusions.They should report recommendations for action. This is to correct problem areas and ensure operational improvement. They must state what auditing standard was used in the reporting. All cases of significant non compliance or abuse must be reported, found during or related to the audit. In some cases, this reporting has to be done to outside parties.Appropriate inspection and observation must be conducted to gather competent and factual evidence so that a reasonable opinion on the financia l state of affairs of the organization under audit may be formed.Audit work must be properly planned & materiality considered for arriving at considered opinions based on competent evidence by selecting appropriate nature, timing & extent of tests. Audits must be designed so that material frauds may be detected reasonably well.[7] It is notable that frauds are intentional misstatements.Material misstatements may result from direct & material illegal acts and this is to be considered in audit design so as to ensure the reasonable detection of such misstatements through the audit process.[8]   The auditor must detect any indirect illegal acts that may indirectly affect correctness of financial statements by applying audit procedures[9] (GAO, Jul 2007).Every audit strives to maintain accountability and transparency within any organizational policy, whether for governmental or non-governmental organizations. To this end, public resources within an organization must be efficiently, eth ically, effectively, equitably and economically utilized.Where this is not the case, audits prescribe the remedial steps to be taken in a time-bound manner by the organization’s management and other concerned parties. All assessments by the auditors must be objective, concise, independent and factual, as related to an organization’s financial or management performance. The auditor therefore needs to be independent and impartial. All this adds up to a case for complete professionalism and quality of audit processes.

Research Essay-Pre Revolutionary Thinkers

Over the past several weeks, looking out of the window of my modest home and seeing wave after wave of British marauders marching toward the city of Boston, some miles from my own home, my mind wanders to exactly what has taken place over the past several years in the fight for independence for our colonies, and what the future will hold. As a person of means and education, I consider myself infinitely qualified to comment on such matters, and in doing so, have also studied the writings and ideas of the leaders of our revolution, in order to be able to comment about the same.First, my mind wanders back to the year 1765, when we in the colonies sought to oppose the British attempt to extort monies from us via the Stamp Act, which had as its premise the collection of taxes in order to improve the living conditions and inner workings of the colonies (Ferling, 2002) , but in reality, to those of us who could see through the smoke of British muskets being aimed at us, it was nothing more than a legal form of blackmail, for the taxes that we were being compelled to pay gave us no more of a voice in the halls of British Parliament than the common slave would in fact have.When it was said that taxation without representation is nothing more than tyranny, the words rang true in my ears and in my heart. If the British Crown truly wishes to be able to legitimately collect taxes from the colonists, we must be able to exercise our basic freedoms and enjoy the protection of the Crown, including a voice in the halls of Parliament.Benjamin Franklin, a learned man of science and politics as well as a well traveled diplomat, has stated time and time again that all men are entitled to liberty (Watson, 2003); not the kind of liberty that has conditions of allegiance to a distant ruler attached to it, but the kind of liberty that is completely pure and noble- one that allows everyone to be able to pursue their own interests, contribute to the well-being of the common good, and be a ble to enjoy the blessing of raising one’s children in a free nation. One of Mr.Franklin’s best ideas is the plan that he has constructed for the unity of the colonies under one government (Watson, 2003); however, this plan must be clarified for one to truly understand both the simplicity and the beauty of it. Mr. Franklin does not advocate an allegiance to the British Empire, which has thus far added little of value to what we are doing here in the colonies, but rather a freely elected government, with the people choosing the members of the government and that government working at the interests of the people, not oppressing or opposing them.This is something that is seriously lacking in the thoughts and actions of the English, who believe that we colonists could be stacked like cordwood and used when necessary, ignored the rest of the time. Not only is this ridiculous, but it also makes cleared the importance of what Mr. Franklin has offered thus far. Mr. Franklin is not alone in these beliefs, nor has he been forced to carry the torch of liberty on his own. Yet another brilliant liberator of the colonists can be found in the person of Thomas Jefferson of Virginia.As a prolific writer as is Mr. Franklin, Jefferson has put pen to paper and created a declaration of the independence that we seek from the Crown of England. While this document has not been intended to fire up controversy, it has raised the anger of those that would hold us back from our destiny, and will surely cause many problems going forward, before it is able to achieve its ultimate goal of freeing us from our political and economic bondage (Dershowitz, 2003).The Jeffersonian ideal of self government, as he proclaims, is worthwhile to consider, for within it, he feels that if men are given the ability to lead themselves and achieve their own destinies, not only will their nation, but future generations and the whole of mankind will be enriched for all time (Eicholz, 2001). The i ssue of independence goes so much deeper than the everyday lives of colonists; the issue cuts right to the will of the human race to be free and to lead themselves.While mistakes surely will and must happen from time to time, these mistakes will take place in an atmosphere of freedom, which is the naturally desirable state of man (Volo, 2003) These gentlemen are worthy of consideration from everyone who would be free for this reason if no other. For all of this talk of independence, I have not yet given much of my own impressions of the goings on and where I think everything will eventually lead. First, let me say this- I believe that it is the will of God almighty that these colonies be able to become something on their own and develop a system of government beyond the shadow of England’s heavy hand.America offers the bounty of the land, a hardworking population, and all of the materials that one would need to meet their needs- physical and spiritual. With these gifts from G od in place, it is inconceivable that He would have us do anything else but to fight as hard as we need to in order to gain freedom and self responsibility. My sentiments are echoed throughout the land; of course, the men who are gathered in Philadelphia have made this abundantly clear through their speech and written words, and the common citizen has shown their interest in the cause by taking up arms when necessary to fight for their lands, hearths and families.Because we all have put in the labor and money to build homes, plant crops, and establish industry, we should enjoy the fruits of those labors without having to hand over the fruits to greedy dictators from across the sea who would take as much as we could give. This raises the question of where to go from here; all effort must be made to keep our colonies strong through faith, hard work, and lawful behavior (Volo, 2003). Without these factors in place, we would surely fail, but this is not the case.We have at our disposal all of the tools that we will need to forge the freedom and keep the peace. In conclusion, after taking an educated look at what Mr. Franklin, Mr. Jefferson and their colleagues have thought and practiced in this effort to gain recognition as a nation, away from the oppression of the British crown, I am of like mind with these gentlemen and their confederates. It is essential that we follow this path to its logical conclusion, for while the actions may be risky, the consequences of inaction are even more so pricey. ReferencesDershowitz, A. (2003). America Declares Independence. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Eicholz, H. L. (2001). Harmonizing Sentiments: The Declaration of Independence and the Jeffersonian Idea of Self Government. New York: Peter Lang. Ferling, J. (2002). Setting the World Ablaze: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and the American Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press. Volo, D. D. , & M. Volo, J. (2003). Daily Life during the American Revolution. Westport, CT: Greenwood Pr ess. Watson, J. (2003). Ben Franklin, Protector of Americans Abroad. Biography, 26(3), 438+.

IS Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IS Security - Essay Example Therefore, manufacturers have come up with security systems that protect the operating system and application from attackers, but this system do not ensure 100 percent security guarantee. However, those produced for operating system are proving more effective than those developed for application due to various factors addressed in this paper. This has made most people come to a conclusion that there is less attention to applications compared to the operating system, which is not the case. Why a good level of security is achieved in operating systems than applications The frequent patching and updating of operating system limits the chances of attackers from attacking the system. On the contrary, it appears that operating systems get more attention than applications. This section provides information on why there is a perception that operating systems have higher levels of security than applications. ... On2 the same note, other types of threats that should be considered are interceptions, modification, fabrication and interruptions, which are similar to the threats experienced in computer applications.2 Applications run on the operating systems. Therefore, it is easy for an attacker to use the application file or vulnerability to attack the operating system either through one application or by infecting other applications. This enables the user or system administrator to detect the attack before affecting the operating system, hence the misconception that security threats are more prevalent in applications than operating systems. One difference between operating system security issue and application is file permissions. An example of this is when an application misunderstands the semantics of an operating system file or totally omits a check. This problem does not occur in operating systems; this stems from the fact that any attempt to open a given file will prompt a permission chec k as the file permissions link to individual files.2 On the other hand, some operating systems mechanisms result to complex security issues for the applications used today. Operating systems are not flexible in offering support, resulting to a compromised security issue. An example of such operating system is that of UNIX, which violates some privileges by only supporting a two level privilege that includes root and user. To limit these 3limitations, it introduces â€Å"set user id†, â€Å"set group id† and â€Å"chroot (2)† that are particularly limiting and inadequate. These applications aim to become responsible for granting permissions, accepting requests, and managing resources, which

The power given to judges by judicial review actions and the Human Essay

The power given to judges by judicial review actions and the Human Rights Act 1998 is unreasonable. - Analyse this statement - Essay Example Under certain restricted circumstances, the claimant is entitled to be awarded damages. In addition, the court may pass prohibitory or obligatory orders, restraining the authority from acting unlawfully or to force it to act in a lawful manner.2 As such, judicial review is customarily applicable to the exercise of statutory power, by a public body. It is quite infrequent, in such cases, for a court to disallow judicial review, on the grounds that the exercise of power was unrelated to the discharge of some public function or duty owed to the individual. Issues that in general fall outside the purview of judicial review are those that pertain to the initiation of military action against a hostile nation or the deployment of troops.3 Moreover, a public authority is precluded from breaching the rights provided by the European Convention on Human Rights via Human Rights Act 1998. In R (on the application of A and others) v. Partnerships in Care Ltd, a private mental health institution ha d forcibly restrained the claimant, in accordance with the provisions of the Mental Health Act 1983. The court ruled that this institution was discharging the function of a public authority, as provided for in section 6(3)(b) of the HRA.4 In addition, section 6(1) of the Human Rights Act 1998 requires the principal public authorities to ensure that the Convention rights are not infringed in their functions. In addition, section 6(3)(b) of the Human Rights Act 1998 directs that these public authorities have to ensure that their functions are in compliance with the rights provided by the Convention. The rights provided by the European Convention on Human Rights have largely been frustrated. This is due to the penchant of the courts to interpret section 6(3) of the Human Rights Act 1998, in such a manner that most of the organisations are not classified as a Public Authority. Furthermore, this distressing situation is exacerbated by the fact that the courts have not yet concluded, whet her a regulatory body constitutes a public authority. There are several cases that have challenged the legal effect of Acts of Parliament, in the UK. The decision in Factortame reduced the effectiveness of parliamentary sovereignty. In this case, the House of Lords suspended legislation, in order to establish that EC law had precedence over domestic law. In Jackson and others v Her Majesty’s Attorney General, the plaintiffs contented that the Parliament Act 1949 did not have legal effect as it was not an Act of Parliament. Consequently, the Hunting Act 2004 was also invalid, as it was not an Act of Parliament. This case dealt with whether the judiciary could challenge an Act of Parliament.5 Their Lordships dismissed the plaintiff’s argument and upheld the validity of the Hunting Act. It is indispensable for the courts to recognise the fact that power derived from the constitution is to be apportioned between the various governmental branches. This necessitates an appro ach founded on due deference towards the executive and legislature by the judiciary. It is not possible for supremacy to coexist in this environment.6 All the same, there are several issues, wherein the situation is muddled, due to a plethora of immaterial doctrinal instruments. In Aston Cantlow the House of Lords held that public authorities

Myrrh (Commiphora molmol) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Myrrh (Commiphora molmol) - Essay Example and 60 essential oils are normally used by the professional aromatherapist, and most suppliers offer in the region of 70-80; these oils generally belong to just a few of the many plant families, and the families dealt with below include the majority of plants utilized in the production of essential oils’. Current paper refers specifically to the plant commiphora molmol (or myrrh as most commonly known) and its use in the area of medicine and aromatherapy. A series of clinical data is also presented in order to support the theoretical views that are related with the use of myrrh as a basis of several remedies applied in modern medicine. The word myrrh origins from the Arabic word ‘murr’ that means ‘bitter’. In Encyclopedia Britannica (2007) myrrh is referred as a ‘bitter-tasting, agreeably aromatic, yellow to reddish brown oleoresinous gum obtained from various small, thorny, flowering trees of the genus Commiphora, of the incense-tree family (Burseraceae); the two main varieties of myrrh are herabol and bisabol’. The study of Hanrahan (2007, 1) also refers to myrrh and its origin. In the specific study it is mentioned that ‘myrrh (also known as Commiphora molmol, abyssinica, or myrrha) is a close relative and member of the Burseraceae family, native to the eastern Mediterranean, Ethiopia, the Arabian peninsula, and Somalia; myrrh is a shrubby desert tree known variously as gum, myrrh tree, guggal gum, guggal resin, didin, and didthin’ (Hanrahan, 2007, 1). The most significant characteristic of myrrh is its distinctive colour. More specifically, as it is stated in a report published by the Tillotson Institute of Natural Health (2005), ‘myrrh gum has an intense dark color, reflecting its medicinal potency; it exerts a strong and certain action against specific types of pain and swelling, such as that of rheumatoid arthritis while it is strong enough to soften hard swellings and carbuncles;Â  like all plant resins, myrrh can also lower blood

The Nature of Organizational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Nature of Organizational Change - Essay Example ystem make profit margins of over 5%.He hopes to build a switching system and engines for trains and aims at selling water purification systems ,power plants, build steel mills in Russia ,build a cement processing plant and in Pakistan they hope to put up a desalination plant. He wants to see the that he boost his sales revenue through acquisitions as he did in the acquisition of Australian Engineering and CTI molecular firm who have assisted in acquiring of CT and MRI systems that assist in diagnosing of diseases. He has since underpinned all underperforming businesses such as the telecommunication business and made the companies structure simpler. When most people thought that he would put the underperforming business under a joint venture, he went ahead to sell the poor selling handset business unit to Taiwan BenQ Corp. The Chief Executive officer (CEO) is a transformational kind of leader who intends to change the culture of the organization and has led the organization to become one of the leading companies in the world. Since he took over the company, he has been able to push over the 400,000 employees to make decisions that are quick and to focus more on customers as they do in technology. Most of those who have worked with him say that he is very easy to work with. According to Jack Bergen, he describes him as a good communicator and a person who is able to build consensus. Therefore, he is a team player, a person who is able to consult widely and a go getter (Edersheim and Drucker 117). The company has eleven main entities that operate distinct and separate entities with their own board members and therefore communicating any change for the Chief Executive officer (CEO) is a big problem. He faced a very huge task of trying to change the mind set of his senior managers and employees so that they could keep up with the changes that were taking place in the global economy and technology. He also faced a lot of resistance from those who perceived him to be

Changing American colonial family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Changing American colonial family - Essay Example iod, the child protectors and family reservations condemned the dissolute, a lazy working-class father who dishonored every aspect of their male decency by beating or deserting their wives and economically abusing or exploiting their children. In response to this, eleven states made non-support and desertion of destitute families a crime and three states introduced whipping post, in which men who beat their wives are subjected to flogging (Ramirez, 242) However, to fight the financial abuse of children, activists pressed for certain laws which included the compulsory school attendance laws, creation of orphan trains and orphanages for accommodating the neglected and abused children and lastly child labor restriction statutes. In the meantime, campaigns to minimize the rates of divorces in the 1880s were underway. During that period, it was recorded to have the world’s highest number of divorces. Reducing was done through prolonging the waiting periods, creating family courts and minimizing the grounds for divorce, alongside efforts to remove segregated male-only improvements of recreation. After about a century, the way that the issue of men in families was culturally and socially constructed experienced a fundamental redefinition. Combined with amplified struggles to enhance the male’s remuneration, so as to allow him to support his family devoid of the support of children and wives. Additionally, anxiety about the i mmigrant father who represented old beliefs and obstruction efforts to Americanize his off-spring was on the rise (Shammas, 110) To enhance integration, self-conscious exertions were made to use schools, peer relationships and settlement houses to aid first-generation children and wives to break free from outdated cultural beliefs which was frequently represented by the foreign language-speaking, unassimilated, bearded adult man. The majority of the legal responsibilities and rights of the familys head comes from ancient studies of one or another

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Case study - Essay Example e is motivated by the need to satisfy the following psychological needs which include; playing and relaxing, personal fulfilment, self expression as well as curiosity among others. It can as well be said that she seeks to fulfil the social needs, derived from Maslow’s hierarchy of needs or motivation theory. Social needs in particular, are concerned with love, friendship and esteem (McCarthy and Perreault 1990). These are often have a bearing on the person’s interaction with others. Personal needs on the other hand are concerned with an individual’s need for personal satisfaction which is often unrelated to what others may think. As a point of departure, it can be said that one of the main reasons why we drink is to give ourselves confidence in the belief that alcohol will set us at ease especially with strangers (McNeill 1986). However, there are various other reasons for drinking such as wanting to please others, fighting loneliness or using alcohol as a bridge between different people. From this assertion, it can be noted that Melanie’s drinking habits are driven by psychological needs to a greater extent. Indeed, she appreciates the fact that alcohol can cause harm to her health but this does not deter her from drinking. She drinks inorder to fulfil the psychological need to play as well as to relax. She believes that its part of being a student to drink. In the opening remarks she says, â€Å"I know I perhaps drink too much but its part of being a student, isn’t it?† From this statement it can be seen that drinking is one of the popular ways of relaxing and perhaps derive pleasure i n the life of a student. Whilst she does not drink on a daily basis, it can be seen that she does especially on Mondays and Wednesdays which are dedicated as days for student outing and have since been entrenched as part of the student culture. It can be seen that she also drinks for personal fulfilment as well as self expression. A night out on a drinking binge with

Using ICT-enabled feedback to improve student learning in secondary Literature review

Using ICT-enabled feedback to improve student learning in secondary schools in New Zealand - Literature review Example What is Feedback? Feedback is often described as a systematic dialogue between teachers and students. A proper feedback can help both to assess their strategies.To be more precise,for students it is a method to ascertain the effectiveness of their learning strategies. On the other hand, for teachers, it is a method to assess the problems faced by students. As a result, the teachers are able to adapt more student friendly teaching methods A carefully designed classroom lesson attracts more attention from students (Black and William, 1998, pp. 139-148). In many literatures the description coined by Ramprasad (1983, p. 4) â€Å"Feedback is information about the gap between the actual level and the reference level of a system parameter which is used to alter the gap in some way† is used to define feedback. However, many scholars are of the opinion that such definitions of feedback, makes it a complete responsibility of the teachers. On the other hand, an effective feedback require s both the teachers as well as the students to give their serious effort. (Black and William, 1998, pp. 139-148) In 2006 Boston Consultancy Group (BCG), conducted a survey in the primary school of Bellfield in Victoria, Australia. The survey clearly indicated that Feedback in school level balances positive aspects of teaching with room for future improvement. The survey also showed that feedback encourages teachers to build up their confidence. The survey further showed that constructive and properly tailored feedback help teachers to formulate new methodologies to improve learning in their class... The teachers must gain the student’s confidence. A feedback, which is very critical by nature, can make students feel incompetent. In feedback, teachers need to highlight the achievements of the students in a realistic yet positive manner. By providing students non-judgmental feedback, the teachers can become their mentor. The greatest fear that students have is the fear of being wrong, and it is the responsibility of teachers to encourage them to come out of their inhibition. (Gager and Berliner, 1991 p. 143, 349) Feedback can be categorized into two category, namely â€Å"Formative† and â€Å"Summative† assessment. Formative assessment involves regular feedback throughout the academic year. On the other hand, summative feedback is the assessment done at the end of the academic term. Formative assessment In case of formative assessment, the approach is a combination of formal and informal processes applied by students and teachers for improving the learning expe rience. Formative assessment done by teachers mainly focus on the following points (Heritage and Stigler, 2010, p. 56) The direction in which the student is heading, i.e. the strategy the student is following. The current state of the student The direction the student must take next to make further improvements The priority in formative assessment is to set the learning goals along with the success criteria for each lesson. The feedback help teachers to shape up their curriculum in such a way that the students are able to close the gap between his or her current learning ability and the goal they have set for themselves. The teachers must be aware of certain factors, when they formulate their formative assessment strategies. There are certain factors, which must be

Grade 8- Coursework Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Grade 8- Coursework Questions - Assignment Example In addition, the Catholic Church introduced transubstantiation which described the changing of bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ that occurs at mass during the consecration via the word of the priests. The decision brought sanity in the church in that people practiced how to be holy. Inquisition had the authority to impose fines, imprison people, and condemn unrepentant heretics to death. This discouraged people from preaching false doctrines because they feared fines and imprisonment. In turn, heresy decreased. The Spanish inquisition was very vicious in that it went beyond finding and punishing people suspected of heresy. The Spanish authorities targeted Muslims and Jewish converts to Christianity, accusing them of secretly practicing their former religion. On the other hand, the other inquisition only focused on finding and punishing heretics not converts of other religions. They dedicated themselves to following Jesus invitation to sell all that you posses and give it to the poor. They saw the social roles of the Christian faith as a significant part of humanity’s partnership with God. Persecution is morally wrong because God did not empower human being to end a life of another person. Even if an individual has wronged society or church, they have no power to persecute him or her since they have the right to live and only God can judge

Boston Matrix - Refresher Essay Example for Free

Boston Matrix Refresher Essay According to those two figures and based on some sales figure from Unilevers marketing department, it is clear that most of its products are in the maturity stage and Cash-Cow products except for some new products which are undergoing the introduction stage or growth stage because there are many similar new products which are developed in China and focusing on Chinese consumer. The annual sales figure appear that, in personal care sector, its products have been kept in a slightly increase or decrease lever and tend to grow to a stable maximum level. However, because of in the huge market, the amount of sales normally is significant. This situation, therefore, could be effective for Unilever China run and maintain its business owing to the enormous cashflow. It also contributed to launching Unilevers sixth Research and Development (R D) Laboratory in China, 2000 in order to meet the everyday needs of the Chinese consumer and develop more products for the Chinese market. Facing the pressure form not only another large firm P G but also a lot of local booming manufactures, Unilever China has adopted a lot of effective measures in order to compete with them. For instance, frequent products promotion with the purpose of offering more profits to the customers and keeping the lower price. In addition, in order to maintain the awareness of brands, Unilever launches a lot of brilliant advertisements by using many famous pop stars in every season. Commentary on the three underlying systems: Technical, People, Economic (including: Organisational use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) A. Technical When I was working in ChinadotCom corporation Shanghai branch, I had had a lot of opportunities of communicating with IT staff of Unilever China. According to the information which I have gained form them, it is clear that if there was no supporting from Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), possibly, all of its business and management would be out of control. ICT plays a significant role of management in lots of successful western firms as well as in Unilever. Thus, when Unilever re-entered China in 1990, it also brought some advanced management systems especially Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software which it had already operated in most of its subsidiaries into Unilever China. Throughout six years development, based on original ERP system, Unilever China has been building a brand-new Management Information System (MIS) which is different between the common MIS during current years. This new MIS concentrates in generating and analysing date source which forwards to provide efficient reports rather than the function of information communication. Unilever China has launched a number of separated information systems such as Dealer Management System (DMS), Sales Information System (SIS) and Supplier Management System as well. All of them have integrated with MIS through ERP in order to offer standard data source. Moreover, it has planned to launch a Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system owing to maintain high proportion of royalty among its consumers. As we know, most multinational companies adopt single united globe standard for their IT equipments including hardware and software as well as Unilever. It should be easy and effective for the companies to manage and maintain the whole systems for example, once any engineer of Unilever turns on any PC of Unilever, there would be the same operation system and application software in the PC. However, for Unilever China, this situation could lead to some problems when it would like to merge other companies. It also has cost Unilever China much money and labour to integrate all the different systems which the fourteen joint ventures had been used, when it was carrying out the two revolutions. B. People In a world where technologies and markets are speedily changing, as well as in China, both local knowledge and globe proficiency have been required to deeply understand and meet the complex needs of the 150 million customers who choose Unilevers products everyday. It is very important, therefore, for Unilever China to make its employees localising as possible as it could. At its beginning stage, Unilever China had employed more one hundred foreign staffs including managers and professionals. Although they had more working experience and good management approaches, there still had been some disadvantages of this state. Firstly, it had led to the high cost of labour because Unilever should pay nearly six times more than employing local people. Secondly, most of foreign staffs, they had not had enough knowledge of Chinese economy environment. This might provide some wrong decisions in both marketing and manufacture areas. Finally, because they had been so proud of their characters and positions, they tended to be difficult to communicate with local people. All in all, thus, Unilever China has modified its mind to reduce the number of foreign staffs and offer more opportunities to local employees. (Unilever China, 2001) In every recent year, Unilever China has sent numbers of its local managers abroad to practise for senior positions in their own countries. Its target of 95 percent local management in China includes five percent of local managers who are also working overseas at any given time. On the other hand, in purpose of reducing the cost of workforce, Unilever China decided to cut down the number of workforce in Shanghai which is in the highest level of working payment in China, and move its manufactures to the lower cost place. C. Economic Inside Unilever China, the significant motive of two revolutions is to decrease their working expenditures and utilise all the business resource efficiently. The production lines of most its products such as shampoo and shower are quite similar including the raw material as well. There had been several same production lines among the fourteen joint ventures, before Unilever China re-structured them. In addition, the waste also happened to the IT departments, administration department and supporting department. Once Unilever China had held a new joint venture, it had had to build an individual business system for it. It seems to be more efficient and having more abilities of competition, when the two revolutions have been accomplished. Furthermore, the changes also facilitate Unilever to concentrate its brands in order to meet the needs of different markets. For instance, in Shanghai which is the huge developed city in China, its key products are in the personal care and wash area including Lux, Dove, Hazeline and Ponds. Due to the changing of Chinese government economy policy, China is going to be more open for the foreign companies. As a result that China has joint World Trade Organisation (WTO), more foeign companies will enter China. Most local manufactures tend to become stronger because they will have more chance to gain the advanced management approaches and learn the business skills by competing with more foreign companies. They also could the big challenge to the Unilever China. Another purpose of its changes, thus, is to maintain its leader position in China. Since these changes, Unilever China becomes more flexibility because it clearly to allocate its business targets to three groups. Every group has its own responsibility of manufacturing and selling particular products. Thus, both of them could be the professional in their own economical environment. Discussion of management activities and approaches (including typical errors) Until this section, it seems that there has been no obvious evidence which could show that Unilever China has made some clear mistakes of management so far. However, there might be no completely perfect result once you have accomplished some changes. In the short-term, we could regard it as more positive than negative but no one could image the future. Also, before the two revolutions happened, there had been some typical management errors which Unilever China had made. Inside most of joint ventures in China, there are two different manager teams: one group of them are assigned straight by foreign companies; another are the people who have already worked in the companies which are going to co-operate with the foreign companies. However, both of them have the responsibilities of managing the new companies which we exactly classify as Chinese-foreign joint ventures in China. Thus, because of different working background in different economics system, these two manager teams provide two different management styles. For the managers who have been worked in Unilever world group for a period of time, because of underlying the western developed management theory, their management approach could be considered as Proactive Positive. The management approaches have been argued and developed by a lot of western researchers for a long time. Those effective management approaches, such as team work, business culture and management information system, have been widely utilised in Unilever. This also could contribute good forecast of marketing and sales, efficient decision making and powerful capability of competition. Those advantages could be clearly embodied in the two revolution of Unilever China. In particular, in order to avoid more waste of resource, Unilever China terminated some business in 2002 in Shanghai and transferred them to the low cost place which was in HeFei. During this process, certainly, it should deal with the loss of re-investment and high risk of changing. Nevertheless, due to some typical management errors which it had made at the beginning of re-entering China, it has had to change its temporal situation. The typical mistakes could be Market Share wars and The big project. The evidences of these errors could be discovered by some investigation in its process of growth. For instance, only in a decade, it had constructed fourteen joint ventures in China to take the leader position of Chinese market and compete with P G. Following its step, P G China also carried out some measures which might beat its challenge. Finally, that lead to both of these two firms had to reduce their products price in order to obtain more market share. Those fourteen joint ventures had caused numerous waste of fix assets, labour and operation cost.

The Ethics Of Photojournalism

The Ethics Of Photojournalism Is a photograph worth more than words? Do the visuals of a photograph have more impact than language? Can one photograph put over the same point across to all its onlookers? Does one single person have a right photograph something that may question moral standards? All these issues arise when considering the field of photojournalism, but do photographs that are published in the media have more impact on the public and because it is a photograph, should we assume that what is being shown is the real truth, opposed to it being a very life like painting? Photojournalists have to comply with a set of ethical rules, the same as writers and editors in the world of media. Each photograph published has to conform to regulations, whether written or unwritten. These sets of rules have precedence in deciding if that photograph is a true and authentic image of what is being shown to the public. In some cases this may rely on the personal principles of the photojournalist and what they perceive to be what is morally right to publish or not. Many topics are raised when considering these rules such as, the behavior of the photographer when taking pictures, what images can be altered by the photographer and the most important one, what can and canà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t be photographed. Technological competence and the ever-changing values of society have influenced this structure of ethics to evolve; and it is still constantly progressing today. Ethics, in any case, is inevitably going to be an area that provokes debate. Kenneth Kobre, a professor in photojournalism and author, writes in his book, Photojournalism, the Proffesionals Approach, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Photojournalism has no Bible, no rabbinical college, no Pope to define correct choices.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ What Kobre means by this is, there is no single referee that determines what is or isnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t ethical. However, if there were, it still isnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t a field where a right or wrong label can be administered. In many books that consider the ethics of photojournalism, one main focal point is often talked about and that is how truthful a photograph can be. It is a question of whether a certain image shows the subject in an accurate light or if it is deceptive to the onlooker. The National Press Photographers Association Code of Ethics states that à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Our primary goal is the faithful and comprehensive depiction of the subject at hand.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ So does this mean that a photographer can alter a photo, or set one up? Would these photographs be deemed as à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½faithful and comprehensive depictions?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Many texts have been written on the ethics of photojournalism and have tried to answer those questions. However, other debates reach much further when considering these questions, like the debate between ethics and preference. This is particularly true when contemplating photographs of a sexual or violent nature. Some may feel that sexual and violent imagery are in the field of personal preference, whereas the counter argument could be that ethical values must be considered when images such as these are taken. Another angle that could be looked at when thinking about the ethics of photojournalism is what the journalist does when taking their photographs. Perhaps, if a person requested not to be photographed, should the photographer go ahead with it anyway? Or another instance could be, if a photojournalist was covering a major natural disaster, should he stop taking pictures to help someone in desperate need? Then, of course, the argument between being a professional and the ethics of journalism comes into play. If, like stated in the NPPA Code of ethics that all depictions should be à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½faithful and comprehensiveà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, does that also cover a situation where the journalist may deliberately not using a photograph to its full potential? There is one book in particular that tries to solve these questions. Written by Paul Lester, Photojournalism: An Ethical Approach, spells out six different ethical philosophies in order to sort out the baffling queries in this ethical field. The first being the Categorical Imperative. Lester states, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Categorical here means unconditional, without any question of extenuating circumstances, without any exceptions.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ What is meant by this is that if it ok for one, it is ok for all. If, for example, an editor was thinking about publishing a photograph of a white policeman using physical force against a black female citizen. That editor should then reflect on whether they would publish it if it was under a different situation; say if the policeman was a black male and the citizen a white female, or if they were both of the same race or gender. The second of the six philosophies is Utilitarianism. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Utilitarianism is the belief that tries to maximize the greatest good for the greatest number of peopleà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. So, for example, a photograph of a child with severe burns may offend some people, especially those who have children. However, if this image will raise awareness for fire safety within the area, then going by the philosophy of Utilitarianism, the capturing and publication of this image is seen as morally right. The third that Lester talks about is Hedonism. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Phrases such as, Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we die, Live for today, and Dont worry-Be happy, are present examples of the Hedonism philosophyà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. It is to justify publishing photos for their aesthetic nature (to sell newspapers) rather because of their importance. An example of this is perhaps where a young lady is pictured on the front page rather than a boring old politician. The forth of the six is The Golden Mean, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a compromise between two extreme points of view or actionsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Here, Lester explains that if there is a photograph that is less offensive or invasive, but still gets the same point across then that photo is the best one to publish. So, for example, if there was a photo of the funeral of a dead solider or a photo of a memorial with the inscription of the names of lost soldiers, then the memorial image should be the one chosen as it still shows the impact of war. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½The following two philosophies, Veil of Ignorance and Golden Rule, are usually used to argue against the taking and printing a controversial image by photographers, editors, subjects, and readers.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The Veil of Ignorance is where à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½in practical terms, a photographer tries to imagine what it would be like to be the subject of the photographsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. What is meant by this is, if the photographers themselves wouldnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t feel comfortable in the place of the subject, then it would be best to find another image. For example, if a riot was being photographed and someone was pictured with their clothes torn off, then this could be a situation which the photographer may not feel comfortable in, because of the unforeseen nudity. Finally, the last of the six is The Golden Rule. Lester explains The Golden Rule as being the philosophy that teaches persons to love your neighbors as yourself.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ In other words, they should treat the subjects in their photographs the way they would want to be treated. This philosophy is one that relies on the photographers or editors own morals. Although there is no definite system that the ethics of photojournalism can be regulated by, there are other conducts that can establish its present shape to a degree. By investigating certain circumstances that have encouraged debate on the ethics of photojournalism, one can unearth any potentially unethical photograph or photographer, as people donà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t usually question anything that is evidently all well and good. So, by doing this helps highlight the unclear guidelines to what may be or not be ethical; with unambiguous cases of unethical and ethical journalistic works, the understanding of the ethics in photojournalism can be broadened. Case Study As I have stated previously, the ethical quandaries that photojournalists and editors have to face is an area of grey. It could be argued that manipulation of a photograph can be as simple as changing it from colour to black and white. On the other hand, manipulation can also include a photograph that has been taken from a series of snaps, and published in a certain way that changes the whole concept entirely. That subsequently brings me to the photograph of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½The Falling Manà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in the September,11th attacks in New York. The photograph was taken by Richard Drew at 9.41 am. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½In the United States, people have taken pains to banish it from the record of September 11, 2001. The story behind it, though, and the search for the man pictured in it, are our most intimate connection to the horror of that day.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ It has been documented throughout the world that this photograph is just one that was selected from a series of photographs taken of this man plummeting to his death. Some may feel that this particular image is one that depicts elegance and peacefulness, whereas the others are said to be of a disturbing nature. This evidently shows that the alteration of an image and the editing process are one of the same, which leads one to question the ethics behind this photograph. One could argue, on ethical grounds, that the victim falling to his death in this photograph did not attend work that day to become a tragic figure. The victim falling to his death on 911 did not go to work to become an icon of a tragic day. It could be said that it is regrettable that this man, through the acts of terrorism, became a reluctant hero in his last living moments, yet it brings a recognition to the photojournalist who captured these terrible happenings. Is this ethically right? Afterward, the photograph was then used in a search to identify à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½the falling manà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ which later provoked strongly opinionated debates about the shame and anger the families of people pictures were feeling. The well known phrase à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½jumpersà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ came in use not long after this photograph was printed, which implied they had committed suicide. This created controversy throughout many communities in America, as suicide was a shameful act. Again, did Richard Drew consider any ethical reasoning before selling on this picture? This photograph doesnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t reflect any of the rules stated in the NPPC Code of ethics, but still the American newspapers felt it was right to publish. Photojournalists, and journalists alike, have a responsibility to provide the public with the news. Yet, on ethical terms, they also have to strive to achieve equilibrium between their professionalism as well as respecting the privacy and dignity of their subject. However, could it be said that photo was in the public interest? It could be suggested that, while this photograph may be a controversial one throughout America (and even the world) , ethics has nothing to do with it. A photograph can also be seen as a work of art; this one being no exception. The aim of a work of art is to trigger an emotional reaction to the person who is looking at it. Even when considering the horrific circumstances it was taken under, this photograph is still deeply moving. Therefore, it may be argued that this photograph cannot be controlled by ethics; somewhat our perceptions of ethics are fixed and then are subsequently challenged by art. My personal view of this photograph is undecided. Considering each argument that could hypothetically be put across I still have no solid opinion on it. However, I feel what Peter Howe wrote on Richard Drew does show a flicker of truth. This photograph has impacted on American society, even reaching out the other nations. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Drew hasnà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½t seen one image that he considers to be the iconic summation of the disaster, but he feels that the photographic coverage of it has influenced the American public: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½I think it has rallied the Americans. At least what I can see. Ità ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s seemed to have rallied everyone. Everyone is carrying flags, they have flags on their cars, and they have flags on their lapels, flags on their hats at the NY stock exchange. They have flags everywhere. People on the street corners are all selling flags. There is a sense of patriotism that probably wasnt that strong as it was when this thing started, you know. You cant screw with us. We are going to go after you. Were not going to sit back here and take it.à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ In my conclusion, I feel that while the roots of print journalism can be traced almost to the origins of the written word. However, photojournalism is a pretty new thing when put in comparison with language. In 150 years a whole framework of ethics has evolved. When photojournalism first came about, technology ruled what was acceptable, because if it was possible then it must be ok. However, after the industry began to mull over what the essence of news really was that is when it all began to change. By introducing notions such as trust and fairness, that is when an ethical system had to be applied; as a result, the concept of photojournalistic ethics. . After looking into much detail about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½the falling manà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ photograph, it is clear how much of an impact photojournalism, and other journalistic works for that matter, have on our society as a whole. By sparking a debate from one single photo, creates thought processes which one may never have considered in any other instances. That leads on to the way society thinks and acts. Lastly, the vital aim is to put forward accurate and trustworthy photographic journalism to the public. Although, as I have stated previously, it may be published at a cost, the negative effect of a photograph must be put against the possible benefits it may have to the viewing public. However, we cannot assume that todayà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s ethics, will be the same as tomorrows.