Evaluation Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Evaluation Report - Coursework Example An API allows a developer’s product or service to communicate to other products and services. APIs open up data and functionality to other developers and to businesses. It allows exchange of data both internally and externally.(Jetter,2011) According to apievangelist, an API gives third party developers â€Å"firewall† access to a company’s data and resources.(apievangelist n.d) TWITTER API Twitter is an information network and communication mechanism that produces more than 200 million tweets a day. The Twitter API is largely used by majority of developers to extend twitters social experience and functionality to their own applications. Twitter offers access to its data through use of its APIs. Twitter offers products for websites that easily integrates basic twitter functions for example the tweet button. Twitter also offers a search API for developers who want to allow a user to query for twitter content. The streaming API offered by twitter provides a real ti me sample of the twitter firehose. It is for developers with data intensive needs for example a data mining project. The twitter REST API enables the developer to access core primitives of twitter including timelines status updates and user information. LINKEDIN API LinkedIn is a social network for professionals and business people. According to LinkedIn, their API enables developers to provide an easy way of enabling professionals to sign in their site using LinkedIn credentials. It also enables engagement by bringing professional content to the developer’s site. It also enables powerful conversations through its provisional groups API.(Why develop with LinkedIn, n.d) PURPOSE OF REPORT This is an evaluation report containing a critical evaluation of three third party API’s. It evaluates and discusses each and every aspect of the APIs based on standard API principles. The third API is provided to contrast with the two mentioned APIs. The report aims to find the most su itable and most efficient API from the three for better development using APIs and their integration. AUTHENTICATION Authentication is the process of identifying user provided credentials and authorizing access to an applications functionality. This is a common feature found in most applications. A huge number of users have signed up with popular web applications including Twitter and LinkedIn. Due to the problem of creating separate and multiple user credentials combination of passwords and names, developers have turned to using this functionality from the mentioned applications. These applications provide authentication API’s that make it easier for the developer to rapidly integrate the functionality in their application . The authentication API also provides for extended feature sets and secure authentication and authorization for the developers application which all in all is beneficial to everyone. Twitter provides several variations of the authentication API for develo pers through the rest API version 1.1 Authentication using the Twitter API uses the OAuth authentication styles. The developer should choose the method of authentication. Twitter offers different flavours for authentication. These include the rest API for authentication, Search API for authentication and streaming API for authentication. Each of them has specific way of implementing Twitter’s OAuth authentication(Authentication and authorization,Twitter n.d). For the OAuth signed in option the developer must obtain OAuth access token

Hp Case Study Essay Example for Free

Hp Case Study Essay In looking at this issue from all perspective, I would recommend HP to adopt universal power supply as the potential benefits outweigh the costs. From one perspective, $30 increases in product that sale for $1000 which is only 3%. This 3% increase will eliminate a lot of marketing, manufacturing, forecasting, and logistical problem that HP is spending millions each year. I believe that by spending 3% more upfront will have better bottom line effect in end. Not to mention, it will also add value to customer in sense HP may be the only company that offers universal power supply. Given the short life cycles of laser printers (18 months) along with high demand uncertainty, and the past experiences (the VIPER example), we recommend adopting the universal power supply strategy. However, clearly, to make the final decision, a thorough cost vs. benefit analysis needs to be carried out in order to determine the trade-off between the increase in manufacturing costs ($30 per printer for the universal power supply) and the decrease in stock-out and inventory holding (and improved forecasts) costs due to risk pooling and data aggregation as well as re-configuration and transshipment costs. The main component of a printer that actually performs the printing. The printer engine determines how fast and at what resolution the printer can print. Although there are many manufacturers of printers, many use the same printer engines. The difference between printers using the same printer engine revolves around other features, such as paper handling abilities and the console. Central mechanism of a laser printer that translates a printer controllers signals into the printed image. Print engines are differentiated by their output quality (resolution), print speed (pages per minute), and type of ink (or toner) used. A laser printers manufacturer (such as Hewlett Packard) is not necessarily the same as its print engine manufacturer (such as Canon). A printer fuser is the part of any laser printer or copier that makes the toner ink stick to the paper. A fuser consists of two heated rollers, and it often is the main culprit in printer breakdowns. Without it, though, toner ink would constantly smudge and would become illegible after hands touched it. A laser printer fuser or copier fuser is essential to printing. The ink drum first spreads out the ink into a pattern of a photo, term paper or whatever is being printed. At this point, the ink is very volatile because it simply sits atop the paper and has not yet become one with the sheet. This wet ink immediately goes between both rollers. Thanks to the heat and the pressure from the fuser, the ink is integrated into the paper and will not smudge as easily.

Effects of the Type of Training Models on Job Motivation

Effects of the Type of Training Models on Job Motivation Service industry is now focusing more and more on providing valuable training opportunities to its employees in order to improve the quality of its services and benchmarking them as its competitive advantage. This research has attempted to understand the effects of the Business Embedded Training Model and the Traditional Training Model on employees job motivation. A sample of 80 organizations and 1000 respondents was taken and Group t-Test and Log Linear Logit techniques were used to evaluate that which training model is preferred over the other by the service industry and which training model has more positive effects on employees job motivation. The study revealed that Business Embedded Training Model has more positive effects on employees motivation than the Traditional Training Model. Key words: Training, Motivation, Performance, Employee Satisfaction INTRODUCTION In nearly every modern market a large portion of the business world provides training and development opportunities to their employees to improve the level of their performances, thereby adding value to their company growth and success (McDougall Beattie, 1998). One of the noticeable issues with training is the question on why do people need training? Are they interested in training for monetary benefits/growth opportunity/self realization? Does training really impact positively on motivation? Practically all employees receive some form of training during their job. Certainly, individuals rely on training to develop their existing skill sets and to learn new proficiencies. However, to maximize the benefits of training, researchers and practitioners must know more than whether it worked. Many authors have called for greater research attention to understanding why training works. In particular, several have suggested that developing a better understanding of participants training rela ted motivation would provide useful insights into a neglected area related to training effectiveness (Mathieu, Tannenbaum Salas, 1992). Training motivation is always considered to function side by side as any one of it cannot work without the support of the other one. Knowing the relevant dimensions of employee motivational information is vital to anyone concerned with organizational performance, as it gives the ability to make objective assessments of what people expects from their employment. Whether it is formulating personal policy, strategic plans, or reengineering processes, keeping employees motivated is necessary to reach goals of productivity and efficiency (Turkiewicz, Massey Brown, 1998). The problem discussed in this paper is the Effects of Business Embedded Traditional training models on employees job motivation since the way training is provided has a very significant effect on employees job motivation. In order to address the concerned problem the following two hypotheses are tested H1: Business Embedded Training Model has a higher level of preference in the service industry than the Traditional Training Model. H2: Business Embedded Training Model has more positive effects on employees job motivation than the Traditional Training Model LITERATURE REVIEW In this new era of learning and development, organizations success and competitiveness mainly depends upon continually improving performance by reducing cost, improving and creating new products and process, enhancing quality and productivity, increasing speed to be the first to the market and all aspects of the organization must demonstrate their ability to positively impact performance (Wells, Layne Allen, 1991). Nevertheless many practices of human resource management are implied in the development of internal as well as external resources, but training is considered to be a vital activity in order to have well qualified, flexible and well prepared human capital to achieve the higher standards of performances. According to various authors, training is considered as one of the most significant processes in the Human Resources Management functions in the organizations. It plays a critical role in maintaining and developing the capabilities of both individual employees and the organ ization as a whole and in contributing to the vital process of organizational change as well. At present the business world is characterized, among other things, by an increasing competitiveness, market globalization, continual technological advances and changes in work organization; therefore, the survival of a company implies the prosecution of sustainable competitive advantages and theories placing the origin of these advantages outside the company are now losing validity in the interest of those centered on internal elements, especially the theory of resources and capacities (Sa ´nchez, Arago Sanz-Valle, 2003). So keeping in view the prime importance of training, organizations triumph mainly depends upon continually improving its performance levels by making training as a permanent factor in the development of the organization so that it can demonstrate its ability to positively impact its performance. Considering the significance of training is not only important but it is also critical to know that what kind and how much of training is required for a particular job function. In considering what adequate training is, we need to determine who should be trained, what areas of training should be covered, what methods and resources can be used, and who should conduct the training (Hoff, 1970). The prime importance of training can be viewed from the point of view of a company, in a way that the employee training truly starts to pay off once it can see the impact of its investment translated into increased productivity. The value of a company automatically rises when an employee is able to successfully put into practice the skills he or she has acquired from training. Any business with the willingness to invest in employee development and training, enjoy great results and satisfactions both in the short and long terms (Valle, Martin, Romero, Dolan, 2004). Understanding the phenomenon of employee training and development requires understanding of all the changes that take place as a result of learning. As the generator of new knowledge, employee training and development is placed within a broader strategic context of human resources management. The strategic procedure of employee training and development needs to encourage creativity, ensure inventiveness and shape the entire organizational knowledge that provides the organization with uniqueness and differentiates it from the others (VemiĆ¡, 2007). Employee training and development does not mean only to obtain new knowledge, abilities and skills, but also the possibility to promote a learning culture, introduce employees to changes, encourage the changes of their approach, introduce the employees to important business decisions and involve them actively in the process of decision making (Sa ´nchez, Arago Sanz-Valle, 2003). Usually, the point of training is to ensure that employees can successfully delivers of what is expected of their jobs. The business situation as of today has changed drastically, with severe strain on organizations to stay ahead of their competition through improvement enhancement (Cauwenbergh Cool, 2000). In the view of the above, in order to contribute to the companys success, training activities should help the company achieve its business strategy by developing the necessary skills and the knowledge required to raise the standard of performance of the individual employee. The link between business strategy and individual performance occurs in part through organizational capacity to create and embed people process along a number of dimensions: vertical linkage (to create alignment with short term business needs); horizontal linkage (to create cohesion); and temporary linkage (to perform to meet future needs) (Gartton, Hailey, Stiles Truss, 1999). So by linking training with th e adopted business strategies can greatly help employees to develop necessary skills and knowledge needed to perform their jobs effectively, which directly affects the required business needs and giving them such opportunities to improve and develop their businesses for future obstacles. According to various research studies, in order to train the employees the management first must create a learning culture or a learning organization and then do the transfer of training which can be described as a systemic organization which has the capacity to change adapt in difficult situations. Learning and development is usually conceived of as an individual phenomenon, and it is true that beneficiaries and practitioners can learn as individuals. If the process of organizational learning and development does not take place, organizations cannot alter/adapt to new circumstances as they develop. To avoid this state of affairs, the organizations need to explore ways to originate, motivate and en courage the learning and development not only to certain individuals but also on the part of the organization as a whole (VemiĆ¡, 2007). Explanation of the Effects of Business Embedded and Traditional Training Models on motivation: The Business Embedded Model is characterized by five competencies: Strategic Direction, Product Design, Structural Versatility, Product Delivery and Accountability for results. The most noticeable difference between the BE function and a traditional training department is its structure. Model to study the Effects of Business Embedded Traditional Training models on Motivation: Strategic Direction Program Structure Versatility Training Program Design Training Delivery Accountability for training outcomes Employee Motivation Levels [Source: S.S Mcintosh, Envisioning Virtual Training Organizations. Training Development (May 1995):47, Book (), Chapter 2, page 78-79. Please note that the above figure is modified as per the Research problem.] The traditional training organization trends to operate with a fixed staff of trainers and administrators who perform very specific functions such as instructional design. Whereas, the BE function makes sure that the training process is delivered, well communicated and the resources are shared (Noe, 1996). For the understanding of the effects of the two models, motivation is considered to be a prime cause. It helps to understand more clearly every element of the model at the strategic level, design level, delivery level, structural level and finally at the accountability of the training outcomes. (a). Strategic Direction A brief historical review of the literature suggests that many changes have taken place in the corporate orientation and strategy followed by corresponding changes in the training provided by the firms to their employees (Valle, Martin, Romero Dolan, 2000). Technological, economic, and social changes are causing organizations to depend more and more on training to accomplish their objectives. Business objectives are accomplished when training practices, procedures, and systems are developed and implemented based on organizational needs, that is, when a strategic perspective to training and development is adopted (Baird Meshoulam, 1988). In this era of continuous changes developments a flexible strategic direction of a company helps it to effectively run its activities (such as production, finance, marketing, HR others) to fulfill certain needs, objectives to reach specific goals that the organization desires. Strategic arrangement of training and development directly encourages organizational business goals and objectives. By working from a point of view of the intended strategic initiative an individual gradually learns new skills and develop new business relationships, thereby acquiring new human and social capital (Lovas Ghoshal, 2000). A strategic direction of a company should clearly communicates its objectives of training and ultimately provide solutions that could cater the real needs of the customer. To a company in order to achieve its true potential from its strategic direction, top management ensures their undivided attention (Simon, 1993). (b). Training Program Design When managing any training process, it is very important that company leaders work closely with functional departmental heads and Human Resources personnel in a systematic approach to training (Sa ´nchez, Arago Sanz-Valle, 2003). A comprehensive review of the subject material (and subject matter experts) is also crucial. Goals and performance objectives must be well set, and a plan to analyze the training should be developed. Instructional materials and strategies must be acquired, prepared, and pre-tested (Rouda Kusy,1996). Designing of a training program involves a series of steps that can be grouped into stages like needs assessment, instructional objectives, design, realization and final valuation. To be effective and well-organized, all training programs must begin with a needs assessment. Long before any actual training occurs, the training manager must determine the Who, What, When, Where, Why and How of training. The training objective usually clears what goals/objectives are required to be accomplished at the conclusion of training (Lewis, 1998). Without the clarity of what is needed to be done, training efforts are at finest randomly useful and at worst, useless. The end result is the more precise picture of training needs, which can lead to a performance oriented improvement training program and better results for training (Brown, 2002). With reference to above authors it becomes very clear that it is highly essential to understand the training objectives needs that the company is aiming to develop before designing a training program. For this purpose however the main responsibility lies with the instructional designer, however HR professionals, concerned managers and even sometimes the involvement of the important clients/customers also becomes a vital aspect to ensure the success of developing a more value adding and effective training system which could contribute to the overall busine ss strategy and improved outcomes for training (Rouda Kusy, 1996). (c). Training Program Structure Versatility A training program should always be flexible enough to accommodate the changes as per the training audience. In order to structure an effective training program following guide lines must be covered: The content of the training program should be according to the job. In order to be effective, the trainer must know the common characteristics of each participant in advance, thus moderating the delivery of training more successfully. The audience of a training program should be educated to enhance their participation with the faculty and to reduce crossfire amongst them. The direction of the training must always be to convey the usage of the right method for the development of skills/knowledge/experience/ expertise, which can be job-oriented, for business development or for building culture in a right mix, suitable to the audience (Rajan, 2004). While developing a through structure for an effective training course companies should involve all the concerned parties related to training and the program must be developed in such a manner that it should accommodate/ manage resources for the best of trainees to contribute to the value adding factors of the organization. With a strong structure, the training program is more organized, flexible and the content flow is logical. The best reward out of this would be the greater increase in the motivation levels of the employees, thus enabling them to perform out of the ordinary for the betterment of the business (Milliman, Glinow Nathan, 1991). (d). Training Delivery In todays fast-paced business environment, if your employees are not learning, then the company may just be falling behind. After all, companies learn as their people do. But no matter whether organization has 5 employees or 5,000 employees, there are some tried ways to achieve and/or improve the successes yielded by those training investments (VemiĆ¡, 2007). Training needs to be executed in a manner that gives your employees the information, skills, and motivation they need to aid your organization in the achievement of its strategic goals. To do this, consider conducting a thorough needs analysis. This exercise may be time consuming but, if done correctly, should force management to look at the need for process changes (Martin, 1999). While delivering an employee training and development program it must be realized that its success mainly depends upon its proper execution, including the development of methods to identify training needs that correspond with corporate goals . If the training is targeted at achieving specific business goals, any financial considerations resulting from the training becomes indeed essential investment in the longevity of your business (VemiĆ¡, 2007). (e). Accountability for Results In todays environment of increased accountability, the training evaluation process is a critical component of an organizations training program. Organizations administering the program not only are accountable for what employees learn, they also are accountable for ensuring that employees transfer their knowledge to their work performance. While traditional training evaluation methods focus on using the assessment process to improve training delivery, information should also be collected to determine whether training is assisting the organization to improve its business performance (Carr, 1999). Evaluation methods/procedures should be determined based on the goals of the training process and should meet the demands of the various stakeholders involved. Every business has several stakeholders and not everyone within the business has the same information needs. Typically, organizational stakeholder groups include the training division, employees and other business units. Furthermore, t he participants in the training program can also play a vital role in the valuation process as well (Miller, 2008). That is why the evaluation process is not possible without the joint effort/ comments of all the concerned groups. When training is not evaluated, the investment and its effects cannot be tested and resources can be wasted in inadequate activities. Sometimes, training evaluation is avoided because it is considered as an expensive and time-consuming process. At other times, the reason is the lack of measurement systems for determining the changes arisen from training. (Sa ´nchez, Arago Sanz-Valle, 2003). The training evaluation process has the potential to provide useful information to further improve the training process/ systems. It also helps in providing valuable information to the trainee, thus motivating him to further improve his performance to achieve his individual goals which ultimately contributes to the overall success of the company (Miller, 2008). Training Motivation Organizations are constantly looking for new methods of training, methods that motivate and encourage learning. To meet this challenge and provide effective training, a re-examination of the way we orchestrate training, together with an examination of our fundamental beliefs of how we consider the learner and our instructional role are required (Dwyer, 2002). Numerous studies have established that motivation has a significant impact on training outcome. To our knowledge, with the exception of one empirical study motivation has been positively linked to learning in training. Training and motivation has also been correlated with post-training satisfaction and with transfer of knowledge acquired to the work situation (Sylvie Sire, 2001). The element of employee motivation becomes very important when the management wants to develop an effective training program which could bring the desired outcomes or results (Bodimer, 2009). While designing or developing a training program that can effectively motivate employees, the companies must create a value adding training content/material and should organize the training program in such a way that it can accommodate the changes that could occur during the training course, thereby keeping it flexible to the needs for the company. As every employee brings a different set of skills and talents to a company, therefore ultimately it becomes the prime responsibility of the company to manage such valuable Human Assets by keeping them motivated through effective trainings to further develop and enhance their skill for the betterment and the success of the company (Sylvie Sire, 2001). METHODOLOGY This research paper finds out the Effects of the Type of Training Models on Employees Job Motivation. The direction is to find out the overall effectiveness of the Business Embedded and Traditional Training Model on employees job motivation levels, finally concluding to perfection in overall performance. For this purpose detailed surveys and interviews were carried out with different levels of managers. The instrument used for the data collection was a questionnaire comprising of 18 dimensions of training included in the Business Embedded Training Model developed by Mcintosh in 1995. Managers were asked about their practice related to each of the dimension and also their opinion as to how these dimensions effect the motivational level of the employees. The Cronbachs Alpha of the instrument was 0.89 and it was pretested on 20 employees working at various levels in the organizations and subject experts to assess the validity of the instrument. A sample of 80 key companies from the serv ice sector of Pakistan was taken and a total of 1000 employees of different levels were asked to fill the required questionnaire. Key points were also discussed with the managers of these companies to find out whether the training impacts employee motivation and at what levels. The software used for evaluating and interpreting the questionnaires into meaningful data for resulting analysis was Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Since the data contains only one independent variable and a dependent variable therefore a Group t-Test and Log Linear Logit techniques were used to test the two hypotheses. The Group t-Test technique was used to determine the comparison between the two models and the Log linear Logit technique was used because there were more than two categories present in the data. Note: All the above statements have been tested at 5% significant level. The p-value is P Through the analysis it is revealed that there is a significant effect of Business Embedded Training model on the level of employees motivation. The reason is that the Business Embedded Model allows the companies to achieve the benefit of centralized training but at the same time ensuring that the training programs, their substance the delivery techniques should meet the specific needs of the business. The statistical interpretations given above show the level of significance of each training model, the acceptance and rejection of result depends upon the significance level i.e. p > 0.05 is not acceptable where as p CONCLUSION This study indicates that the Business Embedded Training Models does have a significant impact on employee motivation. The Business Embedded Training Model has a more positive impact on employees motivation as compared to Traditional Training Model. It takes more responsibility for learning and evaluating the training effectiveness, providing customized solutions of training according to the customers needs and determining when, where and how to deliver training. Similar to other studies our data also indicates that Business Embedded Training is being practiced more in todays corporate world because it allows the companies to gain the benefits of centralized training but at the same time ensures that the training can provide programs, content and the delivery methods that meet the needs of the specific businesses. It not only views trainees as customers but also the managers as customers who make decisions to send employees for training. Motivation is an important factor in comparing the two models; it basically decides which one of the two training models has more positive effect on motivation, leading to elite performance levels. It significantly helps to understand the practicality and the usage of the two models in terms of the business strategic direction, training design, effective delivery, training program structure versatility and the accountability for training outcomes. By studying the effects of the two models on motivation it is now very clear that, it has greatly help to determine and even bench mark the training practices which could benefit the overall success of the company and employees can also benefit from it by further developing their talents/skills and realizing their true potential for the betterment of the company. RECOMMENDATIONS More and more companies should now focus their efforts on adopting the Business Embedded Model of training as compared to Traditional Training methods which can greatly help them to achieve better results by spending lesser money, effort and time. As the Business Embedded approach allows the companies to gain the benefits of centralized training but at the same time ensures that the training programs, content and the delivery methods must meet the needs of specific businesses. The Business Embedded training model is actually more practical in usage because it smoothly facilitates the process of learning by making the content /material easy to understand and customizes it to the extent of applicability, which provides the participants more alternatives to enhance their skills for the betterment of their careers. Another significant aspect of this research indicates what is highly recommended by a number of senior managers that by giving the training participants more options for learn ing can help immensely to improve their motivation towards their own career development.

I am going to study three love poems. The first one is called First Lov

I am going to study three love poems. The first one is called First Love by John Clare How does poet’s writing before 1900 use language to write about different types of love? Consider three love poems, two of which must be by the same poet. In this piece of coursework I am going to study three love poems. The first one is called â€Å"First Love† by John Clare; this poem is a very simple, sweet poem about a mans first love of his life. The second is called â€Å"My Last Duchess† by Robert Browning; this poem is about the Duke telling his servant about his last wife, this poem is a poem about obsessive love. The third poem is called â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover† also by Robert Browning; this poem is about a man being suspicious enough to murder his love with her hair. This poem is a psychotic poem. Throughout this coursework I will be investigating the poem’s vocabulary, structure and imagery. Firstly, I am going to explore the poems vocabulary. The vocabulary in â€Å"First Love† by John Clare is very simplistic and sweet, much like what you would find in a valentines card. The nouns found in this poem, like ‘flower’ is just one example of the simplicity that this poem has in it. Even simple adjectives have been included in this poem; there are more words to describe other than â€Å"pale†, more complex words could have been used. Clare could have used words like bloodless or cadaverous which are more complex but mean the same as pale. Although the vocabulary in â€Å"First Love† is very simple the vocabulary in â€Å"My Last Duchess† is a lot more obsessive. In the poem Clare put forward that no one else has seen the portrait â€Å"strangers never read that painted countenance† plus he had a very negative view over the entire positive th... ...bulary, structure and imagery. The vocabulary in â€Å"First Love† is very simplistic and sweet, whereas the vocabulary in â€Å"My Last Duchess† is a lot more obsessive and in â€Å"Porphyria’s lover† the vocabulary is possessive. The sentence structure in â€Å"First Love† is very short and simple but in â€Å"My Last Duchess† the structure shows the obsessive and jealous love given. Whereas in â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover† the sentence structure shows a psychopathic and menacing love. The imagery in â€Å"First Love† is saying simple and innocent love but in â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover the imagery is saying paranoid and psychopathic love. There is not much imagery to comment on in â€Å"My Last Duchess†. I prefer â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover† to â€Å"First Love† and â€Å"My Last Duchess† because it is possessive and enjoyable because it has lots of use of imagery which makes it interesting to read though and investigate.

Choosing a Career in Botany

Choosing a career in botany ensures a person a wide choice of career opportunities, a fair salary, and an exciting life. If you prepare yourself with a good education and a positive attitude, you†ll be well on your way to becoming a successful botanist. Anyone can find enjoyment and fulfillment in a career field as fun and beneficial to others as botany. If you like nature and being outdoors, you might enjoy a career as an ecologist, taxonomist, conservationist, forester, or even a plant explorer. With a job in one of these fields, you might find yourself doing exciting traveling to all types of new and beautiful places. If you take well to mathematics, maybe you should look into a career in biophysics, developmental botany, genetics, modeling, or systems ecology. If chemistry is more your thing, you should enjoy working as a plant physiologist, plant biochemist, molecular biologist, or chemotaxonomist. If you like designs and microscopy, you would probably find plant structure interesting. If microscopic organisms appeal to you, you should look into microbiology, phycology, or mycology. If you are artistic, ornamental horticulture and landscape design might be right up your alley. If you worry about feeding the hungry, you should study plant pathology or plant breeding. At some larger universities, you can even study specific types of botany, each with its own department. These departments include argonomy (field crops), microbiology (microbes like bacteria and fungi), horticulture (fruits, ornamentals, and veggies), and plant pathology (diseases pertaining to plants). If you are a people person, you might even be interested in teaching botany or providing public service. After hearing the endless list of career opportunities, you have probably found one that appeals to you. But how should you prepare for your new career in the wonderful world of botany? Well, first you should keep in mind that four years of college and a Bachelor†s degree are the bare essentials for most of the careers aforementioned. If you have these requirements, careers as laboratory technicians or technical assistants in education, industry, government, museums, parks and botanical gardens are all readily available. However, there are great deals of other positions where a Master†s or Doctor†s degree is essential. For most teaching and research positions in universities and colleges, a Ph. D. is vital. For those of you still in high school, its never too early to plan ahead. When selecting your courses be sure to include college preparatory classes including English, mathematics, foreign language, physics, chemistry, biology, social studies and humanities. You should also participate in science fairs and clubs. Try getting summer jobs and/or internships having to do with biology. Try looking for jobs in parks, plant nurseries, farms, experiment stations, laboratories, camps, florist shops, or check with your local landscape architect. Try adding camping, photography, and computers to your list of hobbies. You should also get information on colleges and universities offering a good education in botany. If you are interested in botany, it should be for your genuine love of the science, not the money. Back in 1993, students graduating with Bachelor†s degrees received starting offers of about $24,000 a year. Those people with Master†s degrees were offered salaries starting at $30,650. Botanists in civilian positions were given an average salary of $35,084. Those who were federally employed received an average $41,754. Careers in botany offer individual freedom, varied work, pleasant surroundings, inspiring coworkers, and travel opportunities. The availability of jobs is good. Some fields can be competitive, but jobs are usually available for well-trained scientists. So no matter where you come from, how smart you are, or what your background, there is a career in botany for you. Everyone can find delight with this field of careers. So next time you wonder what to be when you grow up, or think about how you hate your job, remember, a career as a botanist may be just what the doctor ordered. Choosing a Career in Botany Choosing a career in botany ensures a person a wide choice of career opportunities, a fair salary, and an exciting life. If you prepare yourself with a good education and a positive attitude, you†ll be well on your way to becoming a successful botanist. Anyone can find enjoyment and fulfillment in a career field as fun and beneficial to others as botany. If you like nature and being outdoors, you might enjoy a career as an ecologist, taxonomist, conservationist, forester, or even a plant explorer. With a job in one of these fields, you might find yourself doing exciting traveling to all types of new and beautiful places. If you take well to mathematics, maybe you should look into a career in biophysics, developmental botany, genetics, modeling, or systems ecology. If chemistry is more your thing, you should enjoy working as a plant physiologist, plant biochemist, molecular biologist, or chemotaxonomist. If you like designs and microscopy, you would probably find plant structure interesting. If microscopic organisms appeal to you, you should look into microbiology, phycology, or mycology. If you are artistic, ornamental horticulture and landscape design might be right up your alley. If you worry about feeding the hungry, you should study plant pathology or plant breeding. At some larger universities, you can even study specific types of botany, each with its own department. These departments include argonomy (field crops), microbiology (microbes like bacteria and fungi), horticulture (fruits, ornamentals, and veggies), and plant pathology (diseases pertaining to plants). If you are a people person, you might even be interested in teaching botany or providing public service. After hearing the endless list of career opportunities, you have probably found one that appeals to you. But how should you prepare for your new career in the wonderful world of botany? Well, first you should keep in mind that four years of college and a Bachelor†s degree are the bare essentials for most of the careers aforementioned. If you have these requirements, careers as laboratory technicians or technical assistants in education, industry, government, museums, parks and botanical gardens are all readily available. However, there are great deals of other positions where a Master†s or Doctor†s degree is essential. For most teaching and research positions in universities and colleges, a Ph. D. is vital. For those of you still in high school, its never too early to plan ahead. When selecting your courses be sure to include college preparatory classes including English, mathematics, foreign language, physics, chemistry, biology, social studies and humanities. You should also participate in science fairs and clubs. Try getting summer jobs and/or internships having to do with biology. Try looking for jobs in parks, plant nurseries, farms, experiment stations, laboratories, camps, florist shops, or check with your local landscape architect. Try adding camping, photography, and computers to your list of hobbies. You should also get information on colleges and universities offering a good education in botany. If you are interested in botany, it should be for your genuine love of the science, not the money. Back in 1993, students graduating with Bachelor†s degrees received starting offers of about $24,000 a year. Those people with Master†s degrees were offered salaries starting at $30,650. Botanists in civilian positions were given an average salary of $35,084. Those who were federally employed received an average $41,754. Careers in botany offer individual freedom, varied work, pleasant surroundings, inspiring coworkers, and travel opportunities. The availability of jobs is good. Some fields can be competitive, but jobs are usually available for well-trained scientists. So no matter where you come from, how smart you are, or what your background, there is a career in botany for you. Everyone can find delight with this field of careers. So next time you wonder what to be when you grow up, or think about how you hate your job, remember, a career as a botanist may be just what the doctor ordered.

Kurt kobain

Kurt kobain Kurt CobainKurt Donald Cobain was born on February 20,1967 in the town of Aberdeen, Washington. Aberdeen is on the west coast and is about 108 miles southwest of Seattle. Aberdeen is a dreary place with about seven feet of rain a year. Kurt was born to Mrs. Wendy Cobain and to Mr. Donald Cobain. Wendy was a homemaker. She had a very tight bond with Kurt. He was her first born. She had another child three years after she had Kurt. Her name was Kim. Donald was a mechanic. He was very into sports. He often tried to push Kurt into sports but Kurt just didn't like them. Even though the Cobain's didn't have much they seemed to do all right. Wendy dressed her children in the best clothes she could afford. They always looked like the best dressed kids in Aberdeen.Kurt was an extremely happy child. He would wake up everyday so happy.WendyHe was always filled with joy and always had a smile on his face. Kurt once said his upbringing could be decribed as 'white trash posing as middle class'. Hi s mother told him to stay away from the poor kids. She said they were dirty. So Kurt did and he also would beat the up. Then in 4th grade he realized he liked them better. Around that time people started to notice that Kurt was very good in art. Most of Kurt's friends didn't really like things like art and music. He loved these things so much he stopped making friends because he was different.Kurt was not such a health kid. His whole life he suffered chronic bronchitis. At age of seven he was diagnosed hyperactive. He was put on Ritalin. This seemed to make him stay up until four in the morning.

Isomer Definition and Examples in Chemistry

Isomer Definition and Examples in Chemistry An isomer is a chemical species with the same number and types of atoms as another chemical species but with distinct properties because the atoms are arranged into different chemical structures. When atoms can assume different configurations, the phenomenon is termed isomerism. There are several categories of isomers, including structural isomers, geometric isomers, optical isomers, and stereoisomers. Isomerization can occur spontaneously or not, depending on whether the bond energy of the configurations is comparable. Types of Isomers The two broad categories of isomers are structural isomers (also called constitutional isomers) and stereoisomers (also called spatial isomers). Structural Isomers: In this type of isomerism, the atoms and functional groups are joined differently. Structural isomers have different IUPAC names. An example is the position change seen in 1-fluoropropane and 2-fluoropropane. Types of structural isomerism include chain isomerism, where hydrocarbon chains have different degrees of branching; functional group isomerism, where a functional group may split into different ones; and skeletal isomerism, where the main carbon chain varies. Tautomers are structural isomers that can spontaneously convert between forms. An example is keto/enol tautomerism, in which a proton moves between a carbon and oxygen atom. Stereoisomers: The bond structure between atoms and functional groups is the same in stereoisomerism, but the geometrical positioning can change. This class of isomers includes enantiomers (or optical isomers), which are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other, like left and right hands. Enantiomers always contain chiral centers. Enantiomers often display similar physical properties and chemical reactivities, although the molecules may be distinguished by how they polarize light. In biochemical reactions, enzymes usually react with one enantiomer in preference to the other. An example of a pair of enantiomers is (S)-()-lactic acid and (R)-(-)-lactic acid. Alternatively, stereoisomers may be diastereomers, which arent mirror images of each other. Diastereomers may contain chiral centers, but there are isomers without chiral centers and those that arent even chiral. An example of a pair of diastereomers is D-threose and D-erythrose. Diastereomers typically have different physical properties and reactivities from each other. Conformational Isomers (conformers): Conformation may be used to classify isomers. Conformers may be enantiomers, diastereomers, or rotamers. There are different systems used to identify stereoisomers, including cis-trans and E/Z. Isomer Examples Pentane, 2-methylbutane, and 2,2-dimethylpropane are structural isomers of each other. Importance of Isomerism Isomers are especially important in nutrition and medicine because enzymes tend to work on one isomer over another. The substituted xanthines are a good example of an isomer found in food and drugs. Theobromine, caffeine, and theophylline are isomers, differing in the placement of methyl groups. Another example of isomerism occurs in phenethylamine drugs. Phentermine is a nonchiral compound that can be used as an appetite suppressant yet doesnt act as a stimulant. Rearranging the same atoms yields dextromethamphetamine, a stimulant stronger than amphetamine. Nuclear Isomers Usually the term isomer refers to different arrangements of atoms in molecules; however, there are also nuclear isomers. A nuclear isomer or metastable state is an atom that has the same atomic number and mass number as another atom of that element yet has a different excitation state within the atomic nucleus.

Factors that Cause International Migration Flows

Factors that Cause International Migration Flows Migration is the movement of people from one region to another in search of better social and economic services. It involves the crossing of administrative or political boundaries. Migration mainly results from social and economic developments in a certain region. International migration involves the crossing of international frontiers separating different states. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Factors that Cause International Migration Flows specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In other words, international migration occurs at the international level. People move from their original home countries or states to other states for various social, political, economic, and economic reasons. The objective of the essay is to explore the major factors that cause international migration flows. Different factors such as economic pressures, social networks and connections between migrant sending and receiving countries, immigran t admissions and immigration control policies, and cultural perceptions held by people in developing countries on immigration and First World immigrant receiving countries have been explored. In addition, the most important factors affecting international migration flows are also explained and justified. One of the major causes of international migration flows is economic pressures. Poor economic growth, coupled with low unemployment rate has historically compelled people to migrate from their countries to other countries with well established market economies. For instance, the fall of former USSR led to the migration of its nationals to neighboring countries which had well established markets. Furthermore, countries in the economic transition period experience high rates of international migrations because of the anticipated economic benefits. Countries with closer social networks and connections have always encouraged international migrations as it strengthens international econ omic ties. For example, some developed countries have closer ties and agreements with the less developed countries to encourage migration to foster international relationships. Other countries have also established immigrant admissions and immigration control policies to encourage international migration flows. Most Commonwealth countries have already put in place immigrant admission and immigration control polices. For example, Australia encourages migration of skilled employees from Commonwealth countries to be part of the demanding labour market.Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Majority of the people in developing countries and First World immigrant receiving countries have various cultural perceptions as regards the migration. Most people in developing countries perceive that it is their right to migrate to their immediate colonies for better economic and social welfare. In addition, people have the cultural perception that First World immigrant receiving countries are indebted to them. As a result, people in developing nations are willing to move to the developed and First World receiving nations with the perception that they will be get better offers. This perception has encouraged human trafficking and illegal immigrants in the developed nations. Based on the analysis, the most important factor is economic pressures followed by the presence of immigrant admissions and immigration control policies. This is because economic pressures encourage international migration flows in the sense that people move with the hope of getting better economic welfare. In addition, economic pressures have always encouraged people to move to developed states with economic stability. Hundred thousands of people are moving from their home countries in search for better economic conditions like employment. Also, the presence of immigrant admissions and immigr ation control policies has always encouraged international migration flows between the countries under migration treaties or conventions. Consequently, migrants get job opportunities while the receiving nations are able to provide their services to their citizens.

Personal and Professional Development for Business Essay

Personal and Professional Development for Business - Essay Example In the recent years, MBA programs have been construed as general education in the practice of managing rather than specialized training in the functions of business; however, Henry Mintzberg, one of the leading influential teachers of business strategy argues that â€Å"Management is, above all, a practice where art, science and craft meet†. In light of this statement, this paper aims to provide a critical analysis of the value of management education from a range of perspectives. In today’s complex and highly challenging global business environment, business leaders are predominantly engaged with the task of transforming nondescript firms into a billion dollar corporations. Tough business environment conditions and emerging trends in the traditional business world have created a knowledge gap that business schools have ardently strived to fill through management education. Through management education, business schools are seriously rethinking the concept of leadership with a special focus on the need to train the next-generation managers (Uba, 2011); the training seeks to raise a breed of next-generation managers fully equipped with knowledge and skills to deal with the emerging global challenges in the business world. The need for such training is justified by the dynamic nature of modern enterprise; traditional managers rarely had to move past the basics of what was taught and even then, the scope was often limited to their immediate environment. The need to raise a breed of next generation managers who have been equipped with the necessary tools to deal with the emerging business challenges is the underlying importance of Management education. In addition to that, management education directly correlates with business and economic development because it highlights key essential areas of focus in the global business environment. For instance, corporate social responsibility and corporate sustainability have been flagged as essential elements i n business management today thanks to Management education (Uba, 2011). Business management has taken on a much broader meaning in today’s workplace in response to globalization that has resulted into new complexities and interdependence between multinational corporations, the environment and society. Many companies have become multinationals and they are required to compete in environments radically different from the ones in which the managers were trained. For these reason, they must be flexible so they can tackle the new social political and legal challenges that will unequivocally come their way, such versatility can only achieved through intense and progressive training. Given the myriad complexities and interconnectivity at the workplace in response to globalization, business management in the 21st century tends to take on a multi-faceted approach that calls for integrative business tools. Management education provides an avenue for managers to adapt to the changes at the workplace by building their capacity to deal with emerging complexities and challenges of interconnectivity. Managers are put to task to meet their fiduciary responsibility to both customers and shareholders, while paying close attention to environmental, socio-cultural and political considerations at the workplace. The role of management education is to empower managers to execute these roles effectively and efficiently to lead their organizations into achieving optimum results and excellent success. Management education helps shape the attitudes and behaviour of business leaders through a number of ways; the most prominent way in which management education does this is through business education, research and management programmes. Management educ

America Needs A National Health Care System or Insurance Program Research Paper

America Needs A National Health Care System or Insurance Program - Research Paper Example Almost fifty million people lack health insurance, another one more million have problems in their payments, and they are deducted .Almost 45000 die each year for lack of treatment. The infant mortality rates and general death rates rise dangerously each year. This the main reason for the need for a national health care service. Americas lower life expectancy America has thus achieved lower life expectancy, it is evident because of unstable security because of use of lax gun and poor healthcare planning, the ranking of the American men is the lowest with 75.6years and their women 80.7 years, and many reports come from the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. The major contributor to the lower lifespan in America is the lax gun rules (Lewis 83). The shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary school made the lax guns to cater for the blame. The many violent deaths that America experiences have led to the shorter life span in America. Another reason for the lowering of the lifesp an of Americans is the violent deaths that they experience. In every 100000 residents, the United States of America has six violent deaths. The report from the National Research Council and Institute of Medicine says that the united state should not ignore the deaths because they own a lot of money. According to researchers, America is the leading state in violent deaths. This may be because of ownership of guns by citizens. So many citizens own guns illegally. Despite the short lifespan caused by the violent deaths and lax guns security, the consumption of large amounts of calories by the Americans that causes diabetes and involvement in alcohol and many accidents also cause deaths. Consumption of many calories results to diabetes hence early deaths in the United States (Uradnik, Lori, and Sara 109). With the invention ARV’s, AIDS still shorten the lifespan of people, because ARV’S do not eliminate the disease, it just reduces. There are three major causes summed toge ther. This includes the health care system, bad behavior and social and economic factors. Results of American fragmented health care The keeping busy of the emergency rooms is a challenge that has taken long. A report has said that Americans that are un-insured, visit the hospital many times compared to the patients who are insured (Lewis 54). Out of the 354 million, only 42% doctors are there to attend to them, this concludes the fact that there is shortage of the doctors. Another study was in spite of having an increase in the use of MRI in the ER and CT. There is no any increase in the diagnosis of the life-threatening conditions. Doctors have reduced the use of hospitals by eliminating surgery, reducing high-priced diagnostic tests with no improving of the results, removing admissions for episodes that are a cute in chronic diseases and stopping the routine of using emergency rooms for primary care. Field argues that in the time when the admissions of patients will stabilize and the hospitals financed, the hospital must attain value of importance (Simmons 76). That will be time that the medical department will take its role to ensure the practice of provision of quality services, they will also locate niches where the hospital can also make savings and to work out ways in which virtual care is delivered. They would also invent organizations accountable for care and many more organizations that will help connect patients, payers, and the sponsors. It calls for

Does climate change pose any unique ethical questions that one does Essay

Does climate change pose any unique ethical questions that one does not find in other cases of environmental justice, for example when a factory pollutes a nearby neighbourhood - Essay Example If it requires more, it may purchase credits from companies who need less, providing it doesn’t exceed the ‘strict and enforceable emissions cap.’1 Morgenstern demonstrates how this cap has been successful in reducing CFCs and SO2. If a factory unintentionally pollutes a neighbourhood, the factory would legally be responsible for making repairs and paying compensation. A well-known example (made famous by the Erin Brockovich film2) is the Pacific Gas and Electric Company, which contaminated the water in Hinkley in 1993. In a BBC interview Dr Mayer Hillman from the Policy Studies Institute author of the book How We Can Save the Planet, and Dr James Woudhuysen from De Montford University, debate the possibility of Personal Carbon Rationing, whereby UK citizens are given annual carbon allowances, and each time they use electric, fly, or fill a car with petrol this is deducted from their allowance. In a similar manner to factory permits, if people require additional allowance, they need to purchase a top-up. Hillman’s idea for Personal Carbon Rating is not new, but Morgenstern suggests it,‘failed to gain more than rhetorical support in the last Administration.’3 Hillman is keen to stress that it’s fair, with people, ‘having equal shares.’4 The female presenter raises the unique ethical question when she asks: ‘do we each have a personal responsibility?’5 Dr Woodhuysen, thinks that we are not individually responsible, and points out that some people w ill ‘feel guilty,’ others may ‘feel good’ and suggests this promotes a culture of ‘finger waging and moralizing about everyday behaviour,’6 which he thinks is ethically unfair. Peter Singer in an interview with The Guardian is asked what is your biggest guilty green secret?’ and he responds that because of his work and family he flies a lot and states: ‘I know I can offset the flying in various ways,

Business case studies Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business studies - Case Study Example Specific performance may therefore be granted in the event that the court can identify the elements and that no vitiating factor exists in a case. Further, in case of existence of a vitiating factor, the party with an advantage over the factors must have not rescinded the contract of must not have such intentions. An agreement between the two parties, consideration, contractual capacity, and legality of the subject matter must be met and the process of creating the contract must be free from duress, undue influence, misrepresentation, and fraud (Goldman and Sigismond 129). In addition to establishing existence of a contract for determination of breach, the required performance must meet rules of specific performance. A party qualifies for a specific performance remedy if other equitable remedies are not sufficient to cover the damage of breach of contract. Examples are in cases of specific property of in contract of service that include execution of talent. Artwork such as paintings is an example of performances that warrant specific performance. A court is also likely to award specific performance if it is able super to supervise performance. Ability to identify the performance and nature of supervision determines this. In the case of Co-operative v Argyll Stores (Holdings) Ltd (1997), for example, the courts acknowledged need for specific performance but declined to award it because the performance would require constant supervision from the courts. Another significant factor in specific performance is that it is awarded at the court’s discretion (Kelly, Hayward, Hammer and Hendy 310). The case of General against Honi identifies existence of a contract that agreement between the two parties, contractual capacity, implied consideration, and legality of the subject matter support. The scope of the contract identifies specific commodity

Goldman Sachs Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Goldman Sachs - Term Paper Example 2.A.i. Key Products and Services 7 2.A.ii.Function of Products and Services in the World of Investments 7 2.A.iii. Goldman Sachs’ Role in IPOs 8 2.B. Goldman Sachs’ Influence on the Capital Markets 8 2.B.i. Positive Influences 8 2.B.ii. Debated Influences Among Investors and other Firms/Companies 9 3. Role of Goldman Sachs in China 10 3.A. Key Investment Areas in China 10 3.A.i. Key Areas of Interest of Goldman Sachs in China 10 3.A.ii. Successful Cases/Engagements in China 11 3.B. Valuing China’s Present Economic Situation 11 3.B.i. Current Investment Climate in China- Views 11 3.B.ii. Forecasts for Future Prospects in China 11 4. Conclusion 12 4.A. Goldman Sachs’ Performance in the World of Investments 12 4.B. Goldman Sachs’ Role in China 12 References 13 1. Introduction to Goldman Sachs 1.A. Goldman Sachs History Goldman Sachs is an American investment bank that has its roots in Manhattan in New York City, having been founded there in 1869, with its key competencies being in general investment banking, financial services, the management of investments, and securities. It leads the world in the management of mergers and acquisitions, the provision of services tied to underwriting, the management of assets, as well as prime brokerage services that it is able to provide to individuals, companies, and countries. Once unassailable and with a pristine reputation built over its lifetime, the bank had seen its reputation and standing in the banking community tarnished as a result of its actuations during the financial crisis that erupted from 2007 and whose after effects are still being felt up to the present day. From its founding by Marcus Goldman in 1869, the firm emerged by the early part of the 20th century as one of the premier banking entities in the US, with expertise and market leadership in the establishment of the market for initial public offerings or IPOs. It was during the time after that, however, that the firm evolved from a trading company to an investment banking entity. The firm further evolved and developed into the 1999’s, to the point where it was able to launch its IPO of its own shares in 1999, transferring about 12 percent ownership of the firm into the hands of the investing public. Throughout this time and after, key personnel in Goldman Sachs went on to become key public officials managing the nation’s finances, as well as key executives in some of the country’s and the world’s major financial institutions, including Merrill Lynch and Citigroup. On the other hand, the controversies surrounding the alleged role of Goldman Sachs in inducing the financial crisis in 2007 and of aggravating the crisis have largely resulted in the reputation and fortunes of the investment bank being heavily hit in recent years, putting into doub t even its future prospects as a going concern and as a bastion of the capitalist system (Answers Corporation, 2012; Google, 2012; Thomson Reuters, 2012; Goldman Sachs, 2012; Taibbi, 2011; Taibbi, 2009; Smith, 2012). 1.B. Goldman Sachs Background The key activities of Goldman Sachs worldwide revolve around the management of investments, investment banking and securities management, as well as the provision of related financial services to countries, rich people, individuals, as well as corporations and other related entities. Its four business segments reflect its core businesses, which are Investment Management, Lending and Investing, Investment Banking, and Institutional Client Services. It has presence in key financial centers all over the world by way of vital offices, while being present likewise in a total of 30 countries Its key officers are the following (Google, 2012; Reuters Thomson, 2012): Lloyd C. Blankfein Chairman of the Board, Chief

Master of Human Science (Political Science) Specialised in Essay

Master of Human Science (Political Science) Specialised in International Relations, - Essay Example nd conflict, which has been related to Muslim terrorists that are spreading violence in a number of provinces of Thailand, such as Malay Pattani region, etc. Although the region has confronted a number of violent activities for decades; however, the year 2004 witnessed the highest point in such violence. In the year 2005, emergency powers were used by the Prime Minister of Thailand to control the insurgency in the country. Subsequently, the combat became operational in the year 2006, as extraordinary powers were given to the army by the Prime Minister. Until now, the real identity of terrorists behind such violence is still a mystery, and this study will try to analyze different aspects of this conflict. There has been great governmental conflict going on between the Muslims and the government in southern Thailand due to the false belief that Muslims are involved in terrorism, which has thought Muslims at risk related security issues of the country, and thought to be the center of organized crime, as well as, the drug industry. The roots of conflict between the Malay-Muslim population is due to the perceived discrimination that can be traced back to times when the modern Thai state was being established by the â€Å"Chakkri† dynasty. This is known to have taken place in the early part of the18th century; it was also done in an attempt to take over the control of â€Å"Patani†. There after the conflict has been there due to the following main ingredients, which have been woven together: Methodology refers to the overall approach to the research process, from the theoretical underpinning to the collection and analysis of the data. Research methodology refers to a set of tools and techniques used in carrying out the research. There are different types of research, such as, descriptive vs. analytical, applied vs. fundamental, quantitative vs. qualitative and conceptual vs. empirical. Qualitative research involves analysis of data such as words (from scriptures),

Business case studies Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business studies - Case Study Example Specific performance may therefore be granted in the event that the court can identify the elements and that no vitiating factor exists in a case. Further, in case of existence of a vitiating factor, the party with an advantage over the factors must have not rescinded the contract of must not have such intentions. An agreement between the two parties, consideration, contractual capacity, and legality of the subject matter must be met and the process of creating the contract must be free from duress, undue influence, misrepresentation, and fraud (Goldman and Sigismond 129). In addition to establishing existence of a contract for determination of breach, the required performance must meet rules of specific performance. A party qualifies for a specific performance remedy if other equitable remedies are not sufficient to cover the damage of breach of contract. Examples are in cases of specific property of in contract of service that include execution of talent. Artwork such as paintings is an example of performances that warrant specific performance. A court is also likely to award specific performance if it is able super to supervise performance. Ability to identify the performance and nature of supervision determines this. In the case of Co-operative v Argyll Stores (Holdings) Ltd (1997), for example, the courts acknowledged need for specific performance but declined to award it because the performance would require constant supervision from the courts. Another significant factor in specific performance is that it is awarded at the court’s discretion (Kelly, Hayward, Hammer and Hendy 310). The case of General against Honi identifies existence of a contract that agreement between the two parties, contractual capacity, implied consideration, and legality of the subject matter support. The scope of the contract identifies specific commodity

Master of Human Science (Political Science) Specialised in Essay

Master of Human Science (Political Science) Specialised in International Relations, - Essay Example nd conflict, which has been related to Muslim terrorists that are spreading violence in a number of provinces of Thailand, such as Malay Pattani region, etc. Although the region has confronted a number of violent activities for decades; however, the year 2004 witnessed the highest point in such violence. In the year 2005, emergency powers were used by the Prime Minister of Thailand to control the insurgency in the country. Subsequently, the combat became operational in the year 2006, as extraordinary powers were given to the army by the Prime Minister. Until now, the real identity of terrorists behind such violence is still a mystery, and this study will try to analyze different aspects of this conflict. There has been great governmental conflict going on between the Muslims and the government in southern Thailand due to the false belief that Muslims are involved in terrorism, which has thought Muslims at risk related security issues of the country, and thought to be the center of organized crime, as well as, the drug industry. The roots of conflict between the Malay-Muslim population is due to the perceived discrimination that can be traced back to times when the modern Thai state was being established by the â€Å"Chakkri† dynasty. This is known to have taken place in the early part of the18th century; it was also done in an attempt to take over the control of â€Å"Patani†. There after the conflict has been there due to the following main ingredients, which have been woven together: Methodology refers to the overall approach to the research process, from the theoretical underpinning to the collection and analysis of the data. Research methodology refers to a set of tools and techniques used in carrying out the research. There are different types of research, such as, descriptive vs. analytical, applied vs. fundamental, quantitative vs. qualitative and conceptual vs. empirical. Qualitative research involves analysis of data such as words (from scriptures),

Equality and Diversity Essay Example for Free

Equality and Diversity Essay In this assignment I will demonstrate my understanding of equality and diversity as a key approach to policy and practice within my setting. I will make reference to current legislation such as equal pay act, disability discrimination act, sex discrimination act and equality act. Other areas of discriminatory practice I will discuss are language and terminology, stereotyping and attitudes in relation to children and young people. I will explore anti discriminatory practice and diversity that is within the everyday role of the early years practitioners. I will also explore an area of my practice using my understanding of equality and diversity through an audit of provision to develop practice and outline any issues. The audit I will carry out will specifically be aimed to support children with additional needs within my setting. I will look into staffing, the environment and the funding available. Following completion of the audit I will write a report identifying any concerns and making recommendations to enhance the experiences that children with additional needs will gain from the setting. I am going to demonstrate my understanding of equality and diversity and how it affects the policy and practice in my setting. I will make reference to current legislation to support my discussion. Legislation I will refer to includes: Equality Act 2010, Human Rights Act (1998), Employment Equality Act Regulations (2003), SEN and disability Act (2001/2), Race Relations Act (1976), Sex discrimination Act (1975) and the Warnock report (2005). I will discuss areas of discrimination in early years practice like, language and terminology, prejudice and stereotypical images and attitudes in relation to children and young people. I will also explore anti discriminatory practice and the diversity in early years settings. The legislation I am going to discuss has been incorporated into my setting by using the essential information in the policies and procedures. The policies and procedures are given to all employees upon recruitment so all staff are aware of the laws and regulations they have to work to. Richardson, R (2011) it is the requirement of the public sector equality duty that equalities is a due regard for schools. Schools are required to eliminate discrimination, advance equality of opportunity and encourage good  relations. The equality act is used in the equality and diversity policy in my setting. OFSTED also look for equality in the setting looking for the progress of spiritual, moral, social and cultural development in the development of the children attending the setting. It is also important that the setting do not discriminate against the nine protected characteristics that are outlined in the equality act 2010. It is important for all children accessing the setting to have access to the curriculum which is the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS). As a setting we ensured that all the children wishes, preferences and beliefs are taken into account as children learn more effectively when they feel safe and secure. The setting intervenes and provides additional support to those children who are not developing and progressing. The planning process also includes the support needed for any children with additional needs. Garside, R (2011). The sex discrimination act 1975 works to eliminate the discrimination against men and women and promote the equal opportunities for both men and women. This act is evident with the children in the setting as they all have equal opportunities in their unit, the same access to toys, activities the outdoor areas. We do not stop girls from playing with cars and boys playing with dolls, they require equal opportunities to develop the knowledge and skills they require in life. The SEN and disability act 2001/2 is an amendment of the education act 1996. The act is there to prevent discrimination against children with SEN or a disability in school and ensures them an education in mainstream school unless the parents request otherwise or it is incompatible with the education of the other children. This is seen in my setting as we are a nursery that accepts children with additional needs unless we feel that we cannot meet those children’s needs without unrealistic changes to the setting. The setting currently has children with Autism, global learning delay, speech and language disorders and chromosome 16 disorder as well as other children with undiagnosed additional needs. The Warnock report 2005 focuses on the future of education and inclusion into mainstream schools. The Warnock report changed the way that we see children with disabilities and encouraged inclusive education, however now inclusive education is favoured the SEN school system is become devalued despite the work they do for the children they care for. My setting is a inclusive setting for children with additional needs and we support the development of the  children and the preferences of the children. Within the early years education system discrimination can occur, it is an aim of my setting to prevent and reduce discrimination, they do this using the policies and procedures and regularly sending staff on training courses to gain knowledge of current legislation and procedures. Prejudice and stereotyping are often seen in education settings because of the high number of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds and the lack of understanding and knowledge that children and young people have. Stereotypes tend to originate from the media of what is seen as ‘cool’, the media also labels certain groups as not being as important as others and can cause children with disabilities isolating themselves from the rest of the group. Judgments can also cause discrimination as people can make poor judgements of people and discriminate against their good qualities just because they are in a wheelchair or have ADHD doesn’t mean they can’t play the same games as the other children they just may need more support than the others. In early years setting we use policies and procedures to outline the government legislation, we do not simply publish the legislation because of the way they are presented and the terminology they are written in. The policies and procedures are designed around the legislation in a way that are easily understandable for the staff and parents/carers using the setting. We make sure that the policies and procedures are accessible for all parents/ carers and staff. It is no longer acceptable to base an education programme on the stereotype of emotional behaviour being feminine, artistic and marginalised and rationale behaviour as masculine, logical and mainstream (Yelland, N 1998). It is important to give all children equal opportunities and allow boys and girls access to all resources and activities whether that be the girls playing with the cars and the boys playing with the dolls or both genders playing outside on the slides and bikes, this is all available in the work setting. Stereotyping can be offensive and cause biased thinking and actions, the tasks set in education programmes could favour groups depending on their culture and previous education (Frederickson, N and Cline, T 2009). As early years settings are examples of anti discriminatory practice and diversity through the early years foundation stage practitioners can provide a programme for the children that meets all their needs, wishes and preferences in learning and development. Stereotypes leading to discrimination through the exchanging of humorous stories can reinforce negative perceptions and group boundaries, this discrimination may be seen between the staff which will give them negative attitudes towards groups of children and parents. In my setting the staff work closely with the early years foundation stage and attend training courses which prevent this from happening. Often no cure is possible for disabilities. However, medically, disabilities were diagnosed, managed and treated. This was challenged by the children’s parents who said they were seen as medical cases rather than individual children. The social model focuses on the children as an individual and highlights social difficulties they may have as a result of their specific disability. The social model respects the needs, wishes and preferences of the individual child when it comes to medication and treatment. In early years there needs to be a good balance of the two models for children with SEN. Without the medical model we would have no knowledge of any causes of management systems that could be used with the children to help them develop and without the social model we would not be meeting the children’s individual needs. Through this essay I have demonstrated my understanding of equality and diversity and how it affects the policy and practice in my setting. I have made reference to current legislation to support my discussion. Legislation I have referred to includes Equality act (2010), Human rights act, Employment equality act, SEN and disability act, Race relations act, Sex discrimination act and the Warnock report. I have discussed areas of discrimination in the early years practice like language and terminology, stereotyping and anti discriminatory practice and the diversity in early years settings. I completed the audit after a meeting in the setting where I was informed of the parent wanting to start in the setting, a discussion was held about how we were unaware of the disorder and didn’t know anything about it. I chose to do the audit here because it was a great opportunity to highlight areas we needed to change or adapt to meet the needs of the child and his family. It was important for us to make the setting accessible for this child because Pugh, G (2010) says it was the focus of the children act (2006) for integration of all services for children with special educational needs (SEN), which supports the aim the best start for children. After the parent was shown around the setting and she told us she wanted her child to attend, a discussion was held between mum, the manager and the SENCO. It came from the discussion that mum wanted the child to start in the preschool unit as he would soon be 3, although his developmental age was much younger. As we did not want to go against mum’s wishes and preferences we made substantial changes to the preschool unit, with the support of the EYP and external agencies we made the preschool unit a suitable environment for the child. Mum was very nervous about leaving her child so the SENCO who was to be the child’s key person started home visits to see the child and talk the mother about his needs. The child then started a long transition into the setting lasting a month and a half. The changes made to the preschool unit incorporated the needs of the child well and after several weeks attending the setting he is getting on well, the SENCO is assessing him constantly t o make sure that he his developing and progressing well and has just took on board teaching herself makaton to communicate more effectively with the child. From doing this audit I have found that the staff in the setting work well to the standards set out in the policies and procedures. The extended transition period used with the child also helped the parent to come to terms with leaving her child with somebody else, this could be something  that could be incorporated throughout the setting and we could make the transition period more flexible for all children coming into the setting. I have also found that the setting not only works together as a team but with work with others like parents and external agencies to create a partnership to help the child. A set back that we came across was researching the disorder, as it is so rare and varies considerably between each sufferer it was hard to find much information, we had to go on the information that mum gave us to create a suitable environment and provide for the child to help him develop and progress, I would recommend regular assessments to identify the gaps in his development so t hat the setting can provide for these and he can progress ready for school. In this assignment I have demonstrated my understanding of equality and diversity as a key approach to policy and practice in my setting. I have made reference to current legislation that has been used to compose policies and procedures in my setting. I have discussed areas of discriminatory practice that relate to children and young people and I have explored the anti discriminatory practice and diversity within the everyday role of practitioners working in early years settings. I have explored an area of my practice using an audit of provision and my understanding of equality and diversity. This was done to develop practice in my setting for children with additional needs. I observed and evaluated the staffing, environment and available funding. Through a report I made recommendations of how the setting can develop practice to support the children attending with additional needs.

Comparing methods of market segmentation

Comparing methods of market segmentation Traditional demographic methods of market segmentation do not usually provide this knowledge. Analyses of market segments by age, sex, geography, and income level are not. They actually didnt see what people need but rather used to do and make products that were profitable to them and in addition to that they didnt give much priority to what the customer need and used to make the same products. They had no importance to the demography and as well as their product did not satisfy all the customers as they had few lack of quality, style and fashion. Their design of the product wasnt fulfilling the demand of the market in the earlier times. They only depended on their benefits rather then caring about their customers. There were no media supports or any correct timing for launching products as a result many products were unknown to the people and they actually lacked the information of the things they could get (Market Segmentation, Advanced Demand Information, and Supply Chain Performa nce by Fangruo Chen, Graduate School of Business, Columbia University, New York 10027). The makers did not have a huge impact on the customers as they had to satisfy themselves with what they had. Thus there were no such advantages or profits to the makers. There were no guides to strategies or ways to improve the product as they were not guided enough. The plus point in this type of marketing is there was less competition in the early stages and the makers didnt used to worry that much about the products or the amount that it would be sold. Thus its effects are described below: For example : watches were introduced to the customers with a 2 to 3 options rather then a wide range from which al types of people can chose from what they need. They avoided the fact that people have some demands which had to be fulfilled which is not satisfactory at this century. Besides that there are many other marketing factors like auto mobile. We didnt used to get many options like now a day. There were only few options for cars and the buyers had to select any of those and satisfy their minds with that (Forecasting and Market Analysis techniques by George J. Kress and John Snyder). There were no chance of dividing class, status and style with these few options. They didnt use to make the cars and values to the customers need and it is a negative point to the marketing segmentation method. Perfumes are something which a woman loves to have and the easy way to increase its market demand is to know what she wants whole she is buying the product. In the early stages there were no media to let people know about all these products as these products were exported from distance areas and countries and sold only to the high class and rich people. Where as the others were totally unaware of the fact that this products are available. We could consider the role of bathing soaps in our life as a very important thing but in the early stages they didnt know its correct use so they did not bath and used to use perfumes instead. Bathing is a enjoyable experience to women as it enhances beauty. More she would come to know about its advantages she will be eager to have it. But at those times they were too much dependant upon herbals and herbal products as much of these were not available or they didnt know anything about it (From Bland to Brand by Jennifer Lach, American Demographics, M arch, 1999). There were no hare care markets instead of that they used rivers and had bath there in the Mother Nature. Computers were not that specialized in these stages and were not that comfortable to use like it is now. In a way there were many things that were not that satisfactory those days. New methods of market segmentation Demography is the statistical study of human populations but also a way to segment markets. It helps to want people need according to age, sex and gender. Marketing is the process by which companies create customer interest in products or services. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business development for this now a days many things are made according to demography needs (Marketing Golf to Generation X by Marcus Whelan, Cyber-journal of Sports Marketing). If a customers needs are fulfilled then the product would be sold more and it would also be a benefit to the maker. The main work of marketing is to identify the customer, to keep the customer, and to satisfy the customer. With the customer as the focus of its activities, it can be concluded that marketing management is one of the major components of business management. Marketing evolved to meet the stasis in developing new markets caused by mature markets and overcapacities in the last 2-3 centuries. The adoption of marketing strategies requires businesses to shift their focus from production to the perceived needs and wants of their customers as the means of staying profitable (Author: T.P. Beane, (Philip Morris, USA), D.M. Ennis, Philip Morris, USA). Now a day we follow new methods of marketing segmentation. There are some unique advantages in these methods. Like:- Each brand appears to sell very effectively only to certain segments of any market not to the whole market in todays economy. Sound marketing objectives depend on knowledge of how segments which produce the most customers for a companys brands differ in requirements and susceptibilities from the segments which produce the largest number of customers for competitive brands. Traditional methods of marketing didnt use to provide us with these knowledge. Once the marketing director does discover the most pragmatically useful way of segmenting his market, it becomes a new standard for almost all his evaluations (T.P. Beane, D.M. Ennis, (1993) Market Segmentation: A Review), He will use it to appraise competitive strengths and vulnerabilities, to plan his product line, to determine his advertising and selling strategy, and to set precise marketing objectives against which performance can later be measured. Specifically, segmentation analysis helps him to:- Direct the appropriate amounts of promotional attention and money to the most potentially profitable segments of his market; Design a product line that truly parallels the demands of the market instead of one that bulks in some areas and ignores or scants other potentially quite profitable segments. Catch the first sign of a major trend in a swiftly changing market and thus give him time to prepare to take advantage of it to determine the appeals that will be most effective in his companys advertising and where several different appeals are significantly effective. Quantify the segments of the market responsive to each will choose advertising media more wisely and determine the proportion of budget that should be allocated to each medium in the light of anticipated impact. Correct timing of advertising and promotional efforts so that they are massed in the weeks, months, and seasons when selling resistance is least and responsiveness is likely to be at its maximum Understand the seemingly meaningless demographic market information and apply it in scores of new and effective ways. These advantages hold in the case of both packaged goods and hard goods, and for commercial and industrial products as well as consumer products. catch the first sign of a major trend in a swiftly changing market and thus give him time to prepare to take advantage of it; Determine the appeals that will be most effective in his companys advertising and, where several different appeals are significantly effective, quantify the segments of the market responsive to each. Choose advertising media more wisely and determine the proportion of budget that should be allocated to each medium in the light of anticipated impact. Correct the timing of advertising and promotional efforts so that they are massed in the weeks, months, and seasons when selling resistance is least and responsiveness is likely to be at its maximum. Understand otherwise seemingly meaningless demographic market information and apply it in scores of new and effective ways. These advantages hold in the case of both packaged goods and hard goods, and for commercial and industrial products as well as consumer products. EFFECTS OF THIS IN TEN MARKETS: In the following discussion we shall take ten markets for consumer and industrial products 1. Watches: In this first case we deal with a relatively simple mode of segmentation analysis. The most productive way of analyzing the market for watches turns out to be segmentation by value. This approach discloses three distinct segments, each representing a different value attributed to watches by each of three different groups of consumers: 1. People who want to pay the lowest possible price for any watch that works reasonably well. If the watch fails after six months or a year, they will throw it out and replace it. 2. People who value watches for their long life, good workmanship, good material, and good styling. They are willing to pay for these product qualities. 3. People who look not only for useful product features but also for meaningful emotional qualities. The most important consideration in this segment is that the watch should suitably symbolize an important occasion. Consequently, fine styling, a well-known brand name, the recommendation of the jeweler, and a gold or diamond case are highly valued. In 1962, research shows, the watch market divided quantitatively as follows: Approximately 23 % of the buyers bought for lowest price (value segment #1). Another 46% bought for durability and general product quality (value segment #2). And 31% bought watches as symbols of some important occasion (value segment #3). 2.Automobiles: The non-demographic segmentation of the automobile market is more complex than that of the watch market. The segments crisscross, forming intricate patterns. Their dynamics must be seen clearly before automobile sales can be understood. Segmentation analysis leads to at least three different ways of classifying the automobile market along non-demographic lines, all of which are important to marketing planning. Value Segmentation: The first mode of segmentation can be compared to that in the watch market-a threefold division along lines which represent how different people look at the meaning of value in an automobile: 1. People who buy cars primarily for economy. Many of these become owners of the Falcon, Ford, Rambler, American, and Chevrolet. They are less loyal to any make than the other segments, but go where the biggest savings are to be found. 2. People who want to buy the best product they can find for their money. These prospects emphasize values such as body quality, reliability, durability, economy of operation, and ease of upkeep. Rambler and Volkswagen have been successful because so many people in this segment were dissatisfied. 3. People interested in personal enhancement (a more accurate description than prestige). A handsomely styled Pontiac or Thunderbird does a great deal for the owners ego, even though the car may not serve as a status symbol (Market segmentation: how to do it, how to profit from it by Malcolm McDonald). Although the value of an automobile as a status symbol has declined, the personal satisfaction in owning a fine car has not lessened for this segment of the market. It is interesting that while both watches and cars have declined in status value, they have retained self-enhancement value for large portions of the market. Markets can change so swiftly, and the size of key segments can shift so rapidly, that great sensitivity is required to catch a trend in time to capitalize on it. In the automobile market, the biggest change in recent years has been the growth in segment two-the number of people oriented to strict product value. Only a few years ago, the bulk of the market was made up of the other segments, but now the product-value segment is probably the largest. Some automobile companies did not respond to this shift in the size of these market segments in time to maintain their share of the market. Aesthetic Concepts: A second way of segmenting the automobile market is by differences in style preferences. For example, most automobile buyers tell you that they like expensive looking cars. To some people, however, expensive looking means a great deal of chrome and ornamentation, while to others it means the very opposite-clean, conservative lines, lacking much chrome or ornamentation. Unfortunately, the same words are used by consumers to describe diametrically opposed style concepts. Data that quantify buyers according to their aesthetic responses their differing conceptions of what constitutes a good-looking car- are among the most useful an automobile company can possess. The importance of aesthetic segmentation can be pointed up by this example: When Ford changed from its 1959 styling to its 1960 styling, the change did not seem to be a radical one from the viewpoint of formal design. But, because it ran contrary to the special style expectations of a large group of loyal Ford buyers, it constituted a dramatic and unwelcome change to them. This essential segment was not prepared for the change, and the results were apparent in sales. Susceptibility to Change: A third and indispensable method of segmenting the automobile market cuts across the lines drawn by the other two modes of segmentation analysis (Segmentation and positioning for Strategic Marketing decisions by James H. Myers). This involves measuring the relative susceptibility of potential car buyers to changing their choice of make. Consider the buyers of Chevrolet during any one year from the point of view of a competitor: At one extreme are people whose brand loyalty is so solidly entrenched that no competitor can get home to them. They always buy Chevrolets. They are closed off to change. At the other extreme are the open-minded and the unprejudiced buyers. They happened to buy a Chevrolet because they preferred its styling that year, or because they got a good buy, or because someone talked up the Fisher body to them. They could just as easily have purchased another make. In the middle of this susceptibility continuum are people who are predisposed to Chevrolet to a greater or lesser degree. They can be persuaded to buy another make, but the persuasion has to be strong enough to break through the Chevrolet predisposition. The implications of this kind of susceptibility segmentation are far-reaching. Advertising effectiveness, for example, must be measured against each susceptibility segment, not against the market as a whole. Competitors advertising should appear in media most likely to break through the Chevrolet predisposition of the middle group. In addition, the wants of those who are not susceptible must be factored out, or they will muddy the picture (Market Segmentation Success: Making It Happen! by Sally Dibb). Marketing programs persuasive enough to influence the uncommitted may make no difference at all to the single largest group those who are predisposed to Chevrolet but still open enough to respond to the right stimulus. If the marketing director of an automobile company does not break down his potential market into segments representing key differences in susceptibility, or does not clearly understand the requirements of each key segment, his company can persevere for years with little or no results because its promotion programs are inadvertently being aimed at the wrong people. III. Perfume: A segmentation analysis of the perfume market shows that a useful way to analyze it is by the different purposes women have in mind when they buy perfume. One segment of the market thinks of a perfume as something to be added to what nature has supplied. Another segment believes that the purpose of fragrance products is to help a woman feel cleaner, fresher, and better groomed -to correct or negate what nature has supplied. In the latter instance, the fragrance product is used to cancel out natural body odors; in the former, to add a new scent. To illustrate this difference in point of view: One woman told an interviewer, I like a woodsy scent like Faberge. It seems more intense and lingers longer, and doesnt fade away like the sweeter scents. But another woman said, I literally loathe Faberge. It makes me think of a streetcar full of women coming home from work who havent bathed. These differences in reaction do not indicate objective differences in the scent of Faberge. They are subjective differences in womens attitudes; they grow out of each womans purpose in using a perfume. Purposive segmentation, as this third mode of analysis might be called, has been of great value to alert marketers. For instance: A company making a famous line of fragrance products realized that it was selling almost exclusively to a single segment, although it had believed it was competing in the whole market. Management had been misled by its marketing research, which had consistently shown no differences in the demographic characteristics of women buying the companys products and women buying competitors products. In the light of this insight, the company decided to allocate certain lines to the underdeveloped segments of the market. This required appropriate changes in the scent of the product and in its package design. A special advertising strategy was also developed, involving a different copy approach for each product line aimed at each segment. In addition, it was learned that visualizations of the product in use helped to create viewer identification in the segment that used perfume for adding to natures handiwork, but that more subtle methods of communication produced better results among the more reserved, more modest women in the second segment who want the canceling out benefits of perfume (Handbook of Market Segmentation: Strategic Targeting for Business and Technology firms by Art Weinstein). The media susceptibilities of women in the two segments were also found to be different. Thus, from a single act of resegmentation, the advertising department extracted data critical to its copy platform, communication strategy, and media decisions. IV. Bathing Soap A comparable purposive segmentation was found in the closely related bathing soap field. The key split was between women whose chief requirement of soap was that it should clean them adequately and those for whom bathing was a sensuous and enjoyable experience. The company (a new contender in this highly competitive field) focused its sights on the first segment, which had been much neglected in recent years. A new soap was shaped, designed, and packaged to appeal to this segment, a new advertising approach was evolved, and results were very successful. V. Hair-Care Market The Breck-Halo competition in the shampoo market affords an excellent example of another kind of segmentation. For many years, Brecks recognition of the markets individualized segmentation gave the company a very strong position. Its line of individualized shampoos included one for dry hair, another for oily hair, and one for normal hair. This line accurately paralleled the marketing reality that women think of their hair as being dry, oily, or normal, and they do not believe that any one shampoo (such as an all-purpose Halo) can meet their individual requirements. Colgate has finally been obliged, in the past several years, to revise its long-held marketing approach to Halo, and to come out with products for dry hair and for oily hair, as well as for normal hair. Other companies in the hair-care industry are beginning to recognize other segmentations in this field. For example, some women think of their hair as fine, others as course. Each newly discovered key segmentation contains the seeds of a new product, a new marketing approach, and a new opportunity. VI. Other Packaged Goods Examples of segmentation analysis in other packaged goods can be selected almost at random (Lifestyle Market Segmentation by Art Weinstein). Let us mention a few briefly, to show the breadth of applicability of this method of marketing analysis: In convenience foods, for example, we find that the most pragmatic classification is, once again, purposive segmentation. Analysis indicates that convenience in foods has many different meanings for women, supporting several different market segments. Women for whom convenience means easy to use are reached by products and appeals different from those used to reach women for whom convenience means shortcuts to creativity in cooking. In the market for cleaning agents, some women clean preventively, while others clean therapeutically, i.e., only after a mess has been made. The appeals, the product characteristics, and the marketing approach must take into account these different reasons for buying another example of purposive segmentation. In still another market, some people use air fresheners to remove disagreeable odors and others to add an odor. A product like Glade, which is keyed to the second segment, differs from one like Airwick in product concept, packaging, and type of scent. The beer market requires segmentation along at least four different axes -reasons for drinking beer (purposive); taste preferences (aesthetic); price/quality (value); and consumption level. VII. Retail Soft Goods Although soft-goods manufacturers and retailers are aware that their customers are value conscious, not all of them realize that their markets break down into at least four different segments corresponding to four different conceptions of value held by women. For some women value means a willingness to pay a little more for quality. For others, value means merchandise on sale. Still other women look for value in terms of the lowest possible price, while others buy seconds or discounted merchandise as representing the best value. Retailing operations like Sears, Roebuck are highly successful because they project all these value concepts, and do so in proportions which closely parallel their distribution in the total population. VIII. Adding Machines In marketing planning for a major adding machine manufacturer, analysis showed that his product line had little relationship to the segmented needs of the market. Like most manufacturers of this kind of product, he had designed his line by adding features to one or several stripped-down basic models-each addition raising the model price. The lowest priced model could only add; it could not subtract, multiply, divide, or print, and it was operated by hand. Since there are a great many features in adding machines, the manufacturer had an extremely long product line (Marketing Plans, Sixth Edition: How to prepare them, how to use them by Malcolm McDonald). When the needs of the market were analyzed, however, it became clear that, despite its length, the line barely met the needs of two out of the three major segments of the market. It had been conceived and planned from a logical point of view rather than from a market-need point of view. The adding machine market is segmented along lines reflecting sharp differences in value and purpose: One buyer group values accuracy, reliability, and long life above all else. It tends to buy medium-price, full-keyboard, electric machines. There are many banks and other institutions in this group where full-keyboard operations are believed to ensure accuracy. Manufacturing establishments, on the other hand, prefer the ten-key machine. Value, to these people, means the maximum number of laborsaving and timesaving features. They are willing to pay the highest prices for such models. Both these segments contrast sharply with the third group, the small retailer whose major purpose is to find a model at a low purchase price. The small retailer does not think in terms of amortizing his investment over a period of years, and neither laborsaving features nor full-keyboard reliability count for as much as an immediate savings in dollars. Despite the many models in the companys line, it lacked those demanded by both the manufacturer and small retailer segments of the market. But, because it had always been most sensitive to the needs of financial institutions, it had developed more models for this segment than happened to be needed. Product, sales, and distribution changes were required to enable the company to compete in the whole market. IX. Computers One pragmatic way of segmenting the computer market is to divide potential customers between those who believe they know how to evaluate a computer and those who believe they do not. A few years ago only about 20% of the market was really open to IBMs competitors-the 20% who believed it knew how to evaluate a computer. By default, this left 80% of the market a virtual captive of IBM-the majority who did not have confidence in its own ability to evaluate computers and who leaned on IBMs reputation as a substitute for personal appraisal. Segmentation in this market involves differences in prospects attitudes toward the inevitability of progress. Although this factor has been widely ignored, it is a significant method for qualifying prospects. People who believe that progress is inevitable (i.e., that change is good and that new business methods are constantly evolving) make far better prospects for computers than those who have a less optimistic attitude toward progress in the world of business. X. Light Trucks The market for light trucks affords us another example of segmentation in products bought by industry. As in the computer example, there are both buyers who lack confidence in their ability to choose among competing makes and purchasers who feel they are sophisticated about trucks and can choose knowledgeably. This mode of segmentation unexpectedly turns out to be a key to explaining some important dynamics of the light truck market: Those who do not trust their own judgment in trucks tend to rely very heavily on both the dealers and the manufacturers reputation. Once they find a make that gives them reliability and trouble-free operation, they cease to shop other makes and are no longer susceptible to competitive promotion. Nor are they as price-sensitive as the buyer who thinks he is sophisticated about trucks. This buyer tends to look for the best price, to shop extensively, and to be susceptible to the right kind of competitive appeals, because he puts performance before reputation. These ways of looking at the truck market have far-reaching implications for pricing policy, for product features, and for dealers sales efforts. Harvard Business Review, March/April 1964 by Daniel Yankelovich There are few similarities as well as differences in this process: Similarities: the main aim is to benefit at a certain level and trying to satisfy the customer keeping few points in focus. In addition to having different needs, for segments to be practical they should be evaluated against the following criteria: Identifiable: the differentiating attributes of the segments must be measurable so that they can be identified. Accessible: the segments must be reachable through communication and distribution channels. Substantial: the segments should be sufficiently large to justify the resources required to target them. Unique needs: to justify separate offerings, the segments must respond differently to the different marketing mixes. Durable: the segments should be relatively stable to minimize the cost of frequent changes. A good market segmentation will result in segment members that are internally homogenous and externally heterogeneous; that is, as similar as possible within the segment, and as different as possible between segments. Bases for Segmentation in Consumer Markets: Consumer markets can be segmented on the following customer characteristics. Geographic Demographic Psychographic Behavioralistic Geographic Segmentation The following are some examples of geographic variables often used in segmentation. Region: by continent, country, state, or even neighborhood Size of metropolitan area: segmented according to size of population Population density: often classified as urban, suburban, or rural Climate: according to weather patterns common to certain geographic regions Demographic Segmentation Some demographic segmentation variables include: Age Gender Family size Family lifecycle Generation: baby-boomers, Generation X, etc. Income Occupation Education Ethnicity Nationality Religion Social class Psychographic Segmentation Psychographic segmentation groups customers according to their lifestyle. Activities, interests, and opinions (AIO) surveys are one tool for measuring lifestyle. Some psychographic variables include: Activities Interests Opinions Attitudes Values Behavioralistic Segmentation Behavioral segmentation is based on actual customer behavior toward products. Some behavioralistic variables include: Benefits sought Usage rate Brand loyalty User status: potential, first-time, regular, etc. Readiness to buy Occasions: holidays and events that stimulate purchases Behavioral segmentation has the advantage of using variables that are closely related to the product itself. It is a fairly direct starting point for market segmentation. There are vast differences between the segmentation methods before and now as when people started the marketing the didnt know but now a days there as been many segments and theories about all these marketing but still the aim was to benefit. ANALYSIS: It is better to go for the new segmentation method as there are many ways to keep the customers happy as a feed back they are being profited. As the main aim is to keep the customers happy as well as gain some thing good as a return. So if that is given the main priority then the new segmentation method is the best. Segmentation can be done on data collected specifically for the segmentation or on pre-existing data. A common approach for segmentation is to ask respondents for their AIOs (Attitudes, Interests, and Opinions). Another fruitful approach is to ask about media outlets (e.g., what television shows they watch, and what printed press they read). Asking about media outlets reveals a lot about the nature of the segments, and how to reach them. These factors play a vast role in this sort of business because after everything aim is to satisfy the customers. It can be said that the old methods are not that satisfying as there were few options to choose from and it might not be sat isfactory to every customer purchasing the product. In business it is very important to keep the customers happy as it might not be that fruitful if the customers are happy with what they are provided with. If a client asks for segmentation, the key questions are what are the dimensions that will produce segments that are most useful. For example, a PR firm mig