Aurora- Light of Mystery Essay -- Papers

Aurora- Light of Mystery Text Box: This shuttle image shows the characteristic oval shape of the aurora.i What is aurora? Auroras, or polar lights, are the luminous phenomenon of the upper atmosphere occurs in high latitudes of both hemispheres. Auroras in the northern hemisphere are called aurora borealis and those in the south hemisphere are called aurora australis. Aurora (Latin for 'dawn') is beautiful and amazing lights which are visible in the dark sky in the poles. It can appear as many different forms, but usually it is a greenish quivering glow near the horizon. In 1621 the term 'aurora' was coined by the French astronomer. More and more observations were done and a concrete description was archived soon afterwards. Many theories were developed this phenomenon. Some suggested that it was the reflection of sunlight of artic light and some believed it was the firelight at the edge of the world; however both hypotheses are rejected because it was found that aurora was found 100-400km above the earth surface which is well beyond the atmosphere. Around the 17th century it has been discovered that it is caused by the interaction between energetic plasma particles from outside atmosphere with atoms of higher atmosphere. Till now, not all the questions about aurora have been answered, but with the escalating astronautic technology, we have a much better understanding on this puzzling phenomenon. How does aurora form? At every moment the sun is giving out charged particles in solar wind. Some of these particles are captured by the earth magnetic field and the bombardment of the solar wind with the atmospheric particles... ...aurora_e/index.html The Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere. http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/wmap.html Learning about Aurora. http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~cyclopi/lesson1.html Applied physics laboratory site. http://www.jhuapl.edu/newscenter/pressreleases/1998/auroras.htm NASA website. http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Web Exhibits site. http://webexhibits.org/ Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/ Hyperphysics. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html Evaluation on resource: My source information comes from books, journals and internet. The information about most topics is quite consistent except the formation of voltage drop in the aurora acceleration region. There are many theories explaining the phenomenon, but I only concentrated on the two main ones.

Global Warming: Effects and Impacts

[pic] Introduction Global warming is the observed increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans in recent decades and its projected continuation. In principle, global warming is neutral as to the period or causes, but in both common and scientific usage the term generally refers to recent warming and implies a human influence. Most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations, which leads to warming of the surface and lower atmosphere by increasing the greenhouse effect caused by gases which are released by activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, land clearing, and agriculture. The predicted effects of global warming for the environment and for human life are numerous and varied. The main effect is an increasing global average temperature. From this flow a variety of resulting effects, namely, rising sea levels, altered patterns of agriculture, increased extreme weather events, and the expansion of the range of tropical diseases. In some cases, the effects may already be occurring, although it is generally difficult to attribute specific natural phenomena to long-term global warming. Examples of projected climate changes include, significant slowing of the ocean circulation that transports warm water to the North Atlantic, large reductions in the Greenland and West Antarctic Ice Sheets, accelerated global warming due to carbon cycle feedbacks in the terrestrial biosphere, and releases of terrestrial carbon from permafrost regions and methane from hydrates in coastal sediments. Global warming controversy The global warming controversy is a debate about the causes of observed global warming since the mid-20th century, as well as the expected magnitude and consequences of future warming. A major part of the debate centers around what actions, if any, society should take in response to the prospect of future warming. Some of the main areas of controversy include: 1. Whether the climate is changing beyond natural variations in the historical temperature record 2. Whether human/industrial activity is responsible for the change and if so, to what extent 3. The effect of predicted depletion of fossil fuels, both individually as e. g. oil runs out and users turn to the higher polluting coal and overall as to whether there are sufficient available reserves to cause the more extreme climate change scenarios 4. The effectiveness of policies to reduce CO2 emissions 5. The size of future changes in climate 6. The regional effects of climate change 7. The consequences of climate change Among climate scientists there is little disagreement that global warming is primarily anthropogenic, but the debate continues in the popular media and on a policy level. Questions include whether there is a scientific consensus on the extent and rate of anthropogenic global warming, and in particular whether there is sufficient evidence to justify immediate and far-reaching actions to ameliorate its effects. Those who believe such a consensus exists express a wide range of opinions: some merely recognize the validity of the observed increases in temperature, while others support measures such as the Kyoto Protocol which are intended to reduce the magnitude of future global warming. Still others believe that environmental damage will be so severe that immediate steps must be taken to reduce carbon dioxide and methane emissions, even if the precise results are unknown, and even if there are substantial economic costs to doing so. One example of an attempt to force action is the Sierra Club suing the U. S. government over failure to raise automobile fuel efficiency standards, and thereby decrease carbon dioxide emissions. Most of the consequences of global warming would result from one of three physical changes: sea level rise, higher local temperatures, and changes in rainfall patterns. Sea level is generally expected to rise 50-200 cm in the next century. Erode recreational beaches 100-200 meters, exacerbate coastal flooding and increase the salinity of aquifers and estuaries. o enhance beneficial impacts, but will incur costs and will not prevent all damages. Extremes, variability, and rates of change are all key features in addressing vulnerability and adaptation to climate change, not simply changes in average climate conditions. Human and natural systems will to some degree adapt autonomously to climate change. Planned adaptation can supplement autonomous adaptation, though there are more options and gre ater possibility for offering incentives in the case of adaptation of human systems than in the case of adaptation to protect natural systems. Poorer nations The ability of human systems to adapt to and cope with climate change depends on such factors as wealth, technology, education, information, skills, infrastructure, access to resources, and management capabilities. There is potential for developed and developing countries to enhance and/or acquire adaptive capabilities. Populations and communities are highly variable in their endowments with these attributes, and the developing countries, particularly the least developed countries, are generally poorest in this regard. As a result, they have lesser capacity to adapt and are more vulnerable to climate change damages, just as they are more vulnerable to other stresses. This condition is most extreme among the poorest people. Historic adaptation Some of those who argue for adaptation to global warming do so with the perspective that human civilization has proven to be highly adaptable to climate change in the past and therefore will likely be able to adapt to climate change in the future. The counterargument to this perspective is that the costs of adaptation are much higher than in the past due to the greater investment in urban and industrial infrastructure. In the past, cities could be relocated largely by having the populace pack up their possessions on their backs, on pack animals or wagons and relocate. Modern cities the size of Bristol or Liverpool cannot be relocated easily even with the use of truck, air and rail transport. The damage suffered by New Orleans by hurricane Katrina provides some perspective as to the potential damage that can be caused by a rise in sea level. Far more technology and resources are available today. Our organizational and communication Adaptation mechanisms The following 9 fundamental principles can be considered when designing adaptation policy. 1. The effects of climate change vary by region. 2. The effects of climate change may vary across demographic groups. 3. Climate change poses both risks and opportunities. 4. The effects of climate change must be considered in the context of multiple stressors and factors, which may be as important to the design of adaptive responses as the sensitivity of the change. 5. Adaptation comes at a cost. 6. Adaptive responses vary in effectiveness, as demonstrated by current efforts to cope with climate variability. 7. The systemic nature of climate impacts complicates the development of adaptation policy. 8. Mal-adaptation can result in negative effects that are as serious as the climate-induced effects that are being avoided. 9. Many opportunities for adaptation make sense whether or not the effects of climate change are realized. Methods of adaptation Agricultural production Agriculture of any kind is strongly influenced by the availability of water. Climate change will modify rainfall, evaporation, runoff, and soil moisture storage. Changes in total seasonal precipitation or in its pattern of variability are both important. The occurrence of moisture stress during flowering, pollination, and grain-filling is harmful to most crops and particularly so to corn, soybeans, and wheat. Increased evaporation from the soil and accelerated transpiration in the plants themselves will cause moisture stress; as a result there will be a need to develop crop varieties with greater drought tolerance. The demand for water for irrigation is projected to rise in a warmer climate, bringing increased competition between agriculture–already the largest consumer of water resources in semiarid regions–and urban as well as industrial users. Falling water tables and the resulting increase in the energy needed to pump water will make the practice of irrigation more expensive, particularly when with drier conditions more water will be required per acre. Crop development models In order to further study effects of global warming on agriculture, other ypes of models, such as crop development models, yield prediction, quantities of water or fertilizer consumed, can be used. Such models condense the knowledge accumulated of the climate, soil, and effects observed of the results of various agricultural practices. They thus could make it possible to test strategies of adaptation to modifications of the environment. Because these models are necessarily simplifying natural conditions ( often based on the assumption that weeds, disease and insect pests are controlled), it is not clear whether the results they give will have an in-field reality. However, some results are partly validated with an increasing number of experimental results. Other models, such as insect and disease development models based on climate projections are also used (for example simulation of aphid reproduction or septoria (cereal fungal disease) development). Urban areas One strategy involves adapting urban areas to increasingly severe storms by increasing domestic, unpaved gardens etc and increasing the capacity of storm water systems (and also separating storm water from black water so that overflows in peak periods do not contaminate rivers). Weather Control Also there are methods like seeding of the sulphur in the clouds to have rain when it is required. The control can be better enhanced by adopting genetical methods of agriculture, green roofs in urban areas etc where the fewer fertilizers and less water is used and at the same time the food production is increased thereby increasing the greenery and thus bettering the CO2 sink capacity. Conclusion As discussed in the paper we will like to again focus on the importance of adaptation to global warming as a very strong factor. It is essential that the mitigation efforts continue towards solving the problem but for practical purposes we all very well know that it alone can never accomplish this feat even if it had very large financial resources at its behest. So the best way to survive in nature is to accept it since Charles Darwin rightly said that it’s only the fittest and most adaptable whom the nature will select to stay along with. Hence it will be good if we understand the fact that its we who need to adapt to the nature, much sooner than later rather than expecting the reverse by putting in huge sums of money in terms of technological measures.

How motivation theories can be applied in your work-place?

Discuss how motivation theories can be applied in your work-place in order to get your work done successfully? Quote with examples to support the answer? Organizations and their managers are understandably concerned about motivation. Every manager and leader should know and work to make sure they keep their employees motivated no matter what place those employees are in their careers. Motivated employees are happy, productive and loyal. Motivation is a temporal and dynamic state that should not be confused with personality or emotion.A motivated person can be reaching for a long-term goal or a more short-term goal. Personality invariably refers to more or less permanent characteristics of an individual's state of being (e. g. , shy, extrovert, conscientious). As opposed to motivation, emotion refers to temporal states that do not immediately link to behavior (e. g. , anger, grief, happiness). The importance of motivation in the workplace allows managers to create employee motivation action plans.There are many theories of employee motivation in today's business society, such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, MacGregor’s Theories X&Y, Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory, Three-Needs Theory and Goals-Setting Theory etc. The key to choosing the right one depends on how closely it matches up to your office. In my opinion Maslow's hierarchy of needs fits best for most business models. Maslow proposed that needs are satisfied in a certain order and that higher-level needs can only be satisfied once lower-level needs are met.The needs are, from bottom to top of the hierarchy: physiological (the need for food and water), safety and security, social, esteem and status, and the need for self-actualization, or living up to one's full potential. In the workplace, most employees' physiological needs are met. Given that they feel safe, employees will be concerned about satisfying their needs for social interaction and about receiving positive feedback and support (esteem) for their work. With all of these needs met, employees can stay motivated to do their best work.Employee motivation theories have created success for the workplace and everyday life. The effects have been felt by both employees and leaders. Understanding the importance of motivation leads to self-motivating. Theories of motivation allow us to determine what level of desire a person is willing to excel. With that knowledge in place, leaders can employ proper employee motivation strategies. How to apply those motivation theories into our workplace? Let’s find out some examples in my workplace: Surveys My Company have a big survey every year to all employees.The survey here asked employees 10 questions about their management teams. They grade each manager on a scale of one to five. The areas of questioned covered topics like favoritism, respect, work ethic, following of policy, etc. The results of the survey were used on end of year reviews. Surveys are used widely tod ay by almost every company. Companies use the feedback to discover problems and solutions. They may even shed light on possible new opportunities that were previously overlooked. Surveys can be used in the determination of whether any barriers exist.Barriers can take the form of ethical issues and problems with co-workers just to name a few. It's critical to identify these existing roadblocks and eliminate them for an easier motivating process. Understanding Employees In my company, management team will spend a little time to talk with each of employees that will go a long way. They not just talk about work; they also talk about what employees like to do outside of work. It makes employees come to the conclusion that company actually care about them. These facts will help them run their business more effectively.The most important point here is that they will not feel just like a number. Setting Goals Our management team setting goals for our projects, we able to persist with the li st of tasks and are compelled to develop strategies in order to reach our objective. Goal setting enhances performance by increasing motivation and efforts, but most importantly through increasing and improving the quality of feedback. The main benefit of goal setting is the constant feedback while working toward accomplishing the goal.Most quality feedback requires constant supervisor interaction, but clear goal setting can give employees consistent knowledge about their progress and aid them in self-evaluations and decisions such as increasing effort or changing methods. Employee Recognition Program My Company has set up an employee of the month program. The most outstanding employee will have awards like gift cards, days off. These programs are designed to motivate employees through awards. If just use traditional things like plaques and coffee mugs that say employee of the month.They will feel like you went out of your way for them. Enjoyable Work Environment This is the most im portant things to create employees motivation. Having a pleasant workplace environment will help in motivating employees and increase performance. Having fun is also a great way to manage Stress. For example, we will have Christmas party, Annual dinner and Chinese New Year lunch every year provided by company. Assemble Roundtable Committee In my Company, there are some key people like mid-level leaders, Department Heads group together and elect one representative.This individual will meet with management to discuss issues and concerns of the employees. Leaders often will say they have an open door policy. But many employees will not believe this. This committee will allow leaders to maintain a calm workplace. So in short: leaders get a good work environment, committee members feel important, and employees have a way to vent. Cross Training My Company arrange cross training for employees to join. The purpose of cross training is for several people to have knowledge of other coworkerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s jobs. This will solve coverage problems like days off and vacations.This is a great way to create employee motivation throughout the company. It will benefit the employees by increasing skills learned, possible advancement and job security. In Conclusion, motivation is a complicated subject to understand because we as people are so individual. Many different factors motivate people in the workplace. It is important that companies find successful ways to motivate employees. If motivation is an issue that is neglected because of its complexity or any other reason the results can be devastating on the long term health of that group.Managers act as the doctors diagnosing the problem and creating effective treatment. If the treatment is carefully prescribed a weak company can become strong and vibrant once again. No other issue has as far reaching effects in so many areas as motivation does in the workplace and careful attention must be made to ensure that those effects are posi tive and enable further growth. It is also important that employees find ways to relieve stress and make the work day more relaxed. All of these things will make for a pleasant and more productive workplace. How motivation theories can be applied in your work-place ?Discuss how motivation theories can be applied in your work-place in order to get your work done successfully? Quote with examples to support the answer? Organizations and their managers are understandably concerned about motivation. Every manager and leader should know and work to make sure they keep their employees motivated no matter what place those employees are in their careers. Motivated employees are happy, productive and loyal. Motivation is a temporal and dynamic state that should not be confused with personality or emotion.A motivated person can be reaching for a long-term goal or a more short-term goal. Personality invariably refers to more or less permanent characteristics of an individual's state of being (e. g. , shy, extrovert, conscientious). As opposed to motivation, emotion refers to temporal states that do not immediately link to behavior (e. g. , anger, grief, happiness). The importance of motivation in the workplace allows managers to create employee motivation action plans.There are many theories of employee motivation in today's business society, such as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, MacGregor’s Theories X&Y, Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory, Three-Needs Theory and Goals-Setting Theory etc. The key to choosing the right one depends on how closely it matches up to your office. In my opinion Maslow's hierarchy of needs fits best for most business models. Maslow proposed that needs are satisfied in a certain order and that higher-level needs can only be satisfied once lower-level needs are met.The needs are, from bottom to top of the hierarchy: physiological (the need for food and water), safety and security, social, esteem and status, and the need for self-actualization, or living up to one's full potential. In the workplace, most employees' physiological needs are met. Given that they feel safe, employees will be concerned about satisfying their needs for social interaction and about receiving positive feedback and suppor t (esteem) for their work. With all of these needs met, employees can stay motivated to do their best work.Employee motivation theories have created success for the workplace and everyday life. The effects have been felt by both employees and leaders. Understanding the importance of motivation leads to self-motivating. Theories of motivation allow us to determine what level of desire a person is willing to excel. With that knowledge in place, leaders can employ proper employee motivation strategies. How to apply those motivation theories into our workplace? Let’s find out some examples in my workplace: Surveys My Company have a big survey every year to all employees.The survey here asked employees 10 questions about their management teams. They grade each manager on a scale of one to five. The areas of questioned covered topics like favoritism, respect, work ethic, following of policy, etc. The results of the survey were used on end of year reviews. Surveys are used widely to day by almost every company. Companies use the feedback to discover problems and solutions. They may even shed light on possible new opportunities that were previously overlooked. Surveys can be used in the determination of whether any barriers exist.Barriers can take the form of ethical issues and problems with co-workers just to name a few. It's critical to identify these existing roadblocks and eliminate them for an easier motivating process. Understanding Employees In my company, management team will spend a little time to talk with each of employees that will go a long way. They not just talk about work; they also talk about what employees like to do outside of work. It makes employees come to the conclusion that company actually care about them. These facts will help them run their business more effectively.The most important point here is that they will not feel just like a number. Setting Goals Our management team setting goals for our projects, we able to persist with the l ist of tasks and are compelled to develop strategies in order to reach our objective. Goal setting enhances performance by increasing motivation and efforts, but most importantly through increasing and improving the quality of feedback. The main benefit of goal setting is the constant feedback while working toward accomplishing the goal.Most quality feedback requires constant supervisor interaction, but clear goal setting can give employees consistent knowledge about their progress and aid them in self-evaluations and decisions such as increasing effort or changing methods. Employee Recognition Program My Company has set up an employee of the month program. The most outstanding employee will have awards like gift cards, days off. These programs are designed to motivate employees through awards. If just use traditional things like plaques and coffee mugs that say employee of the month.They will feel like you went out of your way for them. Enjoyable Work Environment This is the most i mportant things to create employees motivation. Having a pleasant workplace environment will help in motivating employees and increase performance. Having fun is also a great way to manage Stress. For example, we will have Christmas party, Annual dinner and Chinese New Year lunch every year provided by company. Assemble Roundtable Committee In my Company, there are some key people like mid-level leaders, Department Heads group together and elect one representative.This individual will meet with management to discuss issues and concerns of the employees. Leaders often will say they have an open door policy. But many employees will not believe this. This committee will allow leaders to maintain a calm workplace. So in short: leaders get a good work environment, committee members feel important, and employees have a way to vent. Cross Training My Company arrange cross training for employees to join. The purpose of cross training is for several people to have knowledge of other coworker ’s jobs. This will solve coverage problems like days off and vacations.This is a great way to create employee motivation throughout the company. It will benefit the employees by increasing skills learned, possible advancement and job security. In Conclusion, motivation is a complicated subject to understand because we as people are so individual. Many different factors motivate people in the workplace. It is important that companies find successful ways to motivate employees. If motivation is an issue that is neglected because of its complexity or any other reason the results can be devastating on the long term health of that group.Managers act as the doctors diagnosing the problem and creating effective treatment. If the treatment is carefully prescribed a weak company can become strong and vibrant once again. No other issue has as far reaching effects in so many areas as motivation does in the workplace and careful attention must be made to ensure that those effects are pos itive and enable further growth. It is also important that employees find ways to relieve stress and make the work day more relaxed. All of these things will make for a pleasant and more productive workplace.

All in One Development Project Proposal

All in One Development Project Proposal Project Proposal: Restaurant in a building or in other words all-in one building. In Malaysia, this type of building is rarely be found as people are looking for it. Most of the building in Malaysia have a single function. Background Project â€Å"Restaurant and Convention† is a place that people can eat in the building as well as having meeting or held any events. Restaurant means a business that serves food and drinks to customers in exchange for money. Normally, meals are served and be eaten in the restaurant or also can be take-out. Besides that, restaurant is a place for people to have a great time with family and friends. Convention can be define as a place for large scale of people gathering with the same and common interest. Convention may refer to; Meeting Convention: A place for individual people who meets at a certain arranged place and time in order to discuss in some common interest. Fan Convention: It is a place to hold an event for the fans of a partic ular comic book, actors, celebrities, artists, gather to participate and do programs. Some also incorporate commercial activity. Wedding Convention: Is a place where people hold a wedding ceremony at a certain arranged place and time. So this proposed project is a combination between restaurant and convention where people can dine-in and at the same time can hold any events at the Convention halls. Proposed Site Location The proposed site location is located at the beach in Malacca called Klebang Beach. This beach is one of the best attraction in Malacca where the famous Coconut Shake is located near the beach. The purpose of choosing this site not only because of the attraction, it is because it has a nice view facing the sea, always have cool breeze blowing or natural ventilation, natural lighting from the sun and etc. Besides that, it is also near the main road, called Klebang Besar road. Below is the location map of Klebang beach from the Malacca State (Map 1.1) and prop osed site of part of Klebang Beach (Map 1.2). Map 1.1 Picture above shows the location of the site at the Part of Malacca Map. Map 1.2 Picture above shows the site from the Klebang beach. Principal Reasons For Undertaking The Proposed Project The preparations for Malacca District development goals of the Malacca District Local Plan can be explained when the framework that has the details and important point for guiding the Malacca district development about five to ten years until the year of 2015, based on Vision 2020, Malacca State Government, and Ministry of Tourism and Culture.

Evaluate Project Risk Management in the construction of London Essay

Evaluate Project Risk Management in the construction of London Heathrow Airports Terminal 5 - Essay Example My thanks will be extended also to my family including Dad, Mom and -----, my youngest brother for their kind and invaluable support during the whole project. The London Heathrow Terminal 5 has emerged to be the largest airport and the most complex construction projects undertaken in the airline industry. The aim of the project was to augment the capacity by 50% along with offering the visitors an impressive gateway into the city and the United Kingdom. With a budget of over  £4.3bn, the airport facility includes a an airport terminus, a building housing a satellite, underground tunnels, diversions on the river and a road connecting the airport to M25 (Sharon, 2008).This paper attempts to study and evaluate the Risk Management strategy and theories involved in the construction of London Heathrow Airport’s Terminal 5, (Sharon, 2008) and critic these theories. The approach used to mitigate risks for the t5 of the Heathrow Airport was based on the principles of team construction and had to incorporate many changes until project completion, (Sharon, 2008). BAA had anticipated a high level of design progress and development at all stages of the ambitious project which could easily squeeze modern technical solutions and modifications in safety, space requirements or amenities. It would have been unrealistic to freeze the complete design solution of the project during the design phase (Latham, 1994). BAA decided absorb all risks. This helped BAA manage the activities with the help of partners who worked as integrated teams along with the contractors. This was implemented under the T5 Agreement, (Ferroussat, 2005). The procedure to try and identify risks that are present within a project is known as management of risks. The risks that are posing challenges during the implementation of a project are effectively managed, (Mind Tools, 2009). Risk Management activity is mainly concerned with a proper analysis of the different operations, identification

Medical Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Medical Anthropology - Essay Example The increasing interest on global health issues may have been fueled by the United Nation’s Millennium Poll, besides the fact that it has been the primary concern of the majority of citizens. Globally, much efforts are exerted to improve health standards, whether or not individuals come from rich or poor countries. However, it is still obvious (Bloom & River Path Associates, 2000) that whichever regions of the world, health problems bring discontent to people coupled with perceived inequalities. Sen (1999) states, health depicts a complex challenges and consequences to national governments. As the richer countries enjoy better health than poorer ones; health improvements are not automatically delivered in the market does (Sen, 1999). Understandably, major turn overs in health status are structured according to the same foundations as that of the economic growth — up-to- date knowledge and technology, new labour requirements and new investment. However, (Bloom and River Path Associates, 2000), the process that enabled health to improve is on parallel direction and not the same as that of the economic development.... Across the globe there is an existing evidence that, as the epidemic advances, HIV/AIDS is increasingly focused in poor populations. In Asia and the rest of other continents, no statistical association has been established between poverty and AIDS, While wealthier individuals learn to shield themselves, the poor masses have less access to health care services and information, and are more likely to be forced by marginalisation and hardship as well as into making sub-optimal choices (World Bank, 3 1997) The disease therefore proves harder to tackle among poor people (Farmer, 1999). Health Reforms and Socio-Economic Developments One challenge to policy-makers, is not entirely focused on policy interventions which will discuss the impacts of AIDS, but also to see the opportunities plan, execute and implement action against AIDS. Examples of action plans are: intensification of campaigns which can make improvements towards broad and advantageous collateral impact; Protect people against various sexually transmitted diseases (STDs); Curricular reform directed at improving health education; Conduct programs which can lower the incidence of drug-resistant strains through common self-medication practice with antibiotics; and an overall building capacity to meet different cross-cutting problems on AIDS (World Bank, 1997).There are developing countries which are also focusing on poverty diminution as a key component of the total development thinking. A good deal of poverty reduction strategies are at present, considered the key to accessing an expanding proportion of multilateral as well as bilateral donor funding,

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

International Marketing - Essay Example Consumer attitudes consist of three main components, affective, cognitive and behavioral component (Pride et al, 2011). The cognitive component refers to the buyer’s knowledge and information about a product. The affective component is the buyer’s feelings and emotion towards the product. Lastly, the behavioral component consists of the actions of the buyer towards the product. Marketers should seek to identify and understand all this components of the consumer attitudes in order to ensure the success of a product. According to Hassan and Samli (1994), the country of origin effect is defined as the influence that a country’s manufacturer has on the negative or positive judgment of the consumer (Doole & Robin, 2005). There are many methods that can be used by marketers to gauge buyers’ attitudes. One simple method involves questioning the buyers directly. This helps marketers stay informed on the buyers attitudes and identify what the buyer wants exactly. I n 2007, a survey by The Roy Morgan Research reported that 89% of Australian consumers are looking for fresh food that is grown in Australia. 74% of this buyers said that they wanted Australian fresh foods in order to support local businesses and farmers. This research points out that advertising fresh products as Australian-grown is a smart marketing strategy especially when targeting Australian consumers. Therefore, if buyers have a strongly positive attitude towards the country of origin, the marketers should consider playing up the country of origin in its marketing strategy and communications. Another example of this is the 1990s’ Volkswagen’s â€Å"Fahrvehrgnugen† campaign. It asserted the company’s German roots despite the fact that many of the cars that it sold were assembled in low-wage countries such as Mexico. Buyers will, therefore, buy this products since Germany is associated with quality and reliable products. For the same reason, people opt to buy other German made cars such as Bosch and BMW (Chasin & Jaffe, 1979). Likewise, Switzerland is known worldwide for its precision. Watches from Swiss are legendary the world over and for this reason; buyers are even willing to pay a higher price for them (John & Jagdish, 1969). On the other hand, marketers tend to have an uphill task when combating the buyer’s negative perceptions of a product’s Country-of-origin. Russia and South Africa are examples of two countries where marketers experience hardships when marketing their products. Although Russia is well known for producing high quality vodka, many buyers avoid using its products since they still term the country as a communist country (Chasin & Jaffe, 1979). Likewise, South Africa is synonymous with producing very fine wine and at very attractive prices. However, American consumers have been reluctant to buying this product due to their negative perception about the country resulting form the apartheid era al though it has ended (Christopher, 2001). Another country experiencing negative bias, especially in United States, is Vietnam. In countries where negative bias is in existence, marketers should downplay the country of origin especially in packaging and the product’s marketing communications. By doing this, buyers will have less knowledge about the country where the product originated from, and this may result in increased sale of the