A Poor Solution For America s Shortcoming - 1625 Words

A Poor Solution to America’s Shortcoming â€Å"My father was a factory worker, and we were really poor. But everything I earned peddling papers and working in stores, he made me put aside for education† (Abraham A. Ribicoff). Abraham Ribcoff grew up to be the 80th governor of Connecticut and later became JFK’s secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. A major issue in today’s society is the debate over free community college tuition. Even though some say free community college tuition would be one step closer to saving Americas crumbling lower class, community college tuition should not be completely free. An education from a community college is already very affordable even for those who are from low-income families. On top of being†¦show more content†¦This is a major issue for the low-income demographic in America because many individuals from these families can t afford to go to college. However, this is not only an issue for the lower class. Later in his article, Carnevale states, Colle ge is not a blue collar vs. white collar issue. More and more blue-collar jobs demand post-secondary education and training....Americans need to understand that the good jobs that require only a high school education are gone and will not be coming back. In other words, Carnevale is saying that a basic secondary education is becoming the status quo for the low-income jobs and that a post-secondary education will soon be the status quo for the middle class jobs. High school is becoming the new elementary school and American needs to realize that before it is too late. However, this poses a problem from the evidence we have just seen. Many people from low income families cannot afford to pay college tuition, but they also cannot afford not to. A common answer to the dilemma of America’s education deficiency is to make college tuition free, more specifically community college tuition free. Friedman addresses this issue earlier in his book saying, Low education means low-paying jobs, plain and simple, and this is where more and more Americans are finding themselvesShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Barbara Ehrenreich s Nickel And Dimed 1246 Words   |  5 PagesLarge numbers of the nation s citizens live at or below the poverty threshold, which means each month is a struggle to pay the bills and provide the basics, including food, clothing, and shelter, not to mention access to health care and simple comforts. Unfortunately, today it seems the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer. The gap between the economically secure and the poor is becoming so large and will only increase without an attempt for solutions. The hardships of living inRead MoreThe Rise Of The West1705 Words   |  7 PagesClemons Dr. Mbajekwe History-101 December 7th, 2016 *Used an online book. The Post-American World Did you realize that there are more than 25 drifts that changed America? 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Time Series Models Free Essays

string(161) " of this model is that only two historical pieces of information need to be carried: the mean itself and the number of observations on which the mean was based\." TIME SERIES MODELS Time series analysis provides tools for selecting a model that can be used to forecast of future events. Time series models are based on the assumption that all information needed to generate a forecast is contained in the time series of data. The forecaster looks for patterns in the data and tries to obtain a forecast by projecting that pattern into the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Time Series Models or any similar topic only for you Order Now A forecasting method is a (numerical) procedure for generating a forecast. When such methods are not based upon an underlying statistical model, they are termed heuristic. A statistical (forecasting) model is a statistical description of the data generating process from which a forecasting method may be derived. Forecasts are made by using a forecast function that is derived from the model. WHAT IS A TIME SERIES? A time series is a sequence of observations over time. A  time series  is a sequence of  data points, measured typically at successive time instants spaced at uniform time intervals. A time series is a sequence of observations of a random variable. Hence, it is a stochastic process. Examples include the monthly demand for a product, the annual freshman enrollment in a department of a university, and the daily volume of flows in a river. Forecasting time series data is important component of operations research because these data often provide the foundation for decision models. An inventory model requires estimates of future demands, a course scheduling and staffing model for a university requires estimates of future student inflow, and a model for providing warnings to the population in a river basin requires estimates of river flows for the immediate future. * TWO MAIN GOALS: There are two main goals of time series analysis: (a) identifying the nature of the phenomenon represented by the sequence of observations, and (b) forecasting (predicting future values of the time series variable). Both of these goals require that the pattern of observed time series data is identified and more or less formally described. Once the pattern is established, we can interpret and integrate it with other data (e. g. , seasonal commodity prices). Regardless of the depth of our understanding and the validity of our interpretation (theory) of the phenomenon, we can extrapolate the identified pattern to predict future events. Several methods are described in this chapter, along with their strengths and weaknesses. Although most are simple in concept, the computations required to estimate parameters and perform the analysis are tedious enough that computer implementation is essential. The easiest way to identify patterns is to plot the data and examine the resulting graphs. If we did that, what could we observe? There are four basic patters, which are shown in Figure 1. Any of these patterns, or a combination of them, can be present in a time series of data: 1. Level or horizontal This pattern exists when data values fluctuate around a constant mean. This is the simplest pattern and easiest to predict. A  horizontal  pattern is observed when the values of the time series fluctuate around a constant mean. Such time series is also called  stationery. In Retail data, stationery time series can be found easily since there are products which sales roughly the same amount of items every period. In the stock market however, it’s difficult (if not impossible) to find horizontal patterns. Most of the time series there are non-stationery. Time series with horizontal patterns are very easy to forecast. 2. Trend When data exhibit an increasing or decreasing pattern over time, we say that they exhibit a trend. The trend can be upward or upward. The  trend  pattern is straightforward. It consists of a long-term increase or decrease of the values of the time series. Trend patterns are easy to forecast and are very profitable when found by stock traders. 3. Seasonality Any pattern that regularly repeats itself and is of a constant length is a seasonal pattern is. Such seasonality exists when the variable ewe are trying to forecast is influenced by seasonal factors such as the quarter or month of the year or day of the week. A time series with  seasonal  patterns are more difficult to forecast but not too difficult. The values of these time series are influenced by seasonal factors, such as the turkey in Christmas period. Also, ice cream sales are affected by seasonality. People buy more ice creams during the summer. Forecasting algorithms which can deal with the seasonality can be used for forecasting such time series. Holt-Winters’ method is one such algorithm. 4. Cycles Cyclical  patterns are usually confused with the seasonal patterns. While seasonal patterns are influenced by seasonal factors, cyclical patterns do not necessarily have a fixed period. A seasonal pattern can be cyclical, but a cyclical is not necessarily seasonal. Cyclical patterns are the most difficult to forecast. Most forecasting tools can deal with seasonality, trend and horizontal time series but very few can offer acceptable forecasts to cyclical patterns unless there is some sort of indication as to how the cycle evolves. Random Variation is unexplained variation that cannot be predicted. The more random variation a data set has, the harder it is to forecast accurately. In practice, forecasts derived by these methods are likely to be modified by the analyst upon considering information not available from the historical data. We should understand that to obtain a good forecast the forecasting model should be matched to the patterns in the available data. TIME SERIES METHODS The Naive Method Among the time-series models, the simplest is the naive forecast. A naive forecast simply uses the actual demand for the past period as the forecasted demand for the next period. This, of course, makes the assumption that the past will repeat. An example of naive forecasting is presented in Table 1. Table 1 Naive Forecasting Period| Actual Demand (000’s)| Forecast (000’s)| January| 45| | February| 60| 45| March| 72| 60| April| 58| 72| May| 40| 58| June| | 40| This model is only good for a level data pattern. One of the advantages of this model is that only two historical pieces of information need to be carried: the mean itself and the number of observations on which the mean was based. You read "Time Series Models" in category "Essay examples" Averaging Method Another simple technique is the use of averaging. To make a forecast using averaging, one simply takes the average of some number of periods of past data by summing each period and dividing the result by the number of periods. This technique has been found to be very effective for short-range forecasting. Variations of averaging include the moving average, the weighted average, and the weighted moving average. A moving average takes a predetermined number of periods, sums their actual demand, and divides by the number of periods to reach a forecast. For each subsequent period, the oldest period of data drops off and the latest period is added. Assuming a three-month moving average and using the data from Table 1, one would simply add 45 (January), 60 (February), and 72 (March) and divide by three to arrive at a forecast for April: 45 + 60 + 72 = 177 ? 3 = 59 To arrive at a forecast for May, one would drop January’s demand from the equation and add the demand from April. Table 2 presents an example of a three-month moving average forecast. Table 2 Three Month Moving Average Forecast Period| Actual Demand (000’s)| Forecast (000’s)| January| 45| | February| 60| | March| 72| | April| 58| 59| May| 40| 63| June| | 57| A weighted average applies a predetermined weight to each month of past data, sums the past data from each period, and divides by the total of the weights. If the forecaster adjusts the weights so that their sum is equal to 1, then the weights are multiplied by the actual demand of each applicable period. The results are then summed to achieve a weighted forecast. Generally, the more recent the data the higher the weight, and the older the data the smaller the weight. Using the demand example, a weighted average using weights of . 4, . 3, . , and . 1 would yield the forecast for June as:   60(. 1) + 72(. 2) + 58(. 3) + 40(. 4) = 53. 8 Forecasters may also use a combination of the weighted average and moving average forecasts. A weighted moving average forecast assigns weights to a predetermined number of periods of actual data and computes the forecast the same way as described above. As with all moving forecasts, as each new period is added, the data from the oldest pe riod is discarded. Table 3 shows a three-month weighted moving average forecast utilizing the weights . 5, . 3, and . 2. Table 3 Three–Month Weighted Moving Average Forecast Period| Actual Demand (000’s)| Forecast (000’s)| January| 45| | February| 60| | March| 72| | April| 58| 55| May| 40| 63| June| | 61| | | | Exponential Smoothing Exponential smoothing takes the previous period’s forecast and adjusts it by a predetermined smoothing constant, ? (called alpha; the value for alpha is less than one) multiplied by the difference in the previous forecast and the demand that actually occurred during the previously forecasted period (called forecast error). To make a forecast for the next time period, you eed three pieces of information: 1. The current period’s forecast 2. The current period’s actual value 3. The value of a smoothing coefficient, alpha, which varies between 0 and 1. Exponential smoothing is expressed formulaically as such: New forecast = previous forecast + alpha (actual demand ? previous forecast) A forecast for February is computed as such: New forecast (F ebruary) = 50 + . 7(45 ? 50) = 41. 5 Next, the forecast for March: New forecast (March) = 41. 5 + . 7(60 ? 41. 5) = 54. 45 This process continues until the forecaster reaches the desired period. In Table 4 this would be for the month of June, since the actual demand for June is not known. Table 4 Period| Actual Demand (000’s)| Forecast (000’s)| January| 45| 50| February| 60| 41. 5| March| 72| 54. 45| April| 58| 66. 74| May| 40| 60. 62| June| | 46. 19| Forecasting Trend There are many ways to forecast trend patterns in data. Most of the models used for forecasting trend are the same models used to forecast the level patterns, with an additional feature added to compensate for the lagging that would otherwise occur. Trend-Adjusted Exponential Smoothing When a trend exists, the forecasting technique must consider the trend as well as the series average ignoring the trend will cause the forecast to always be below (with an increasing trend) or above (with a decreasing trend) actual demand Double exponential smoothing smooths (averages) both the series average and the trend forecast for period t+1: Ft+1  = At  + Tt average: At  =  aDt  + (1 –  a) (At-1  + Tt-1) =  aDt  + (1 –  a) Ft average trend: Tt  =  B  CTt  + (1 –  B) Tt-1 current trend: CTt  = At  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ At-1 forecast for p periods into the future: Ft+p  = At  + p Tt here: At  = exponentially smoothed average of the series in period t Tt  = exponentially smoothed average of the trend in period t CTt  = current estimate of the trend in period t a  = smoothing parameter between 0 and 1 for smoothing the averages B  = smoothing parameter between 0 and 1 for smoothing the trend Linear Trend Line Linear trend line is a time series technique that computes a forecast with trend by drawing a straight line through a set of data. The forecasting equation for the linear trend model is: Y= a + bX where t is the time index. The parameters alpha and beta (the â€Å"intercept† and â€Å"slope† of the trend line) are usually estimated via a simple regression in which Y is the dependent variable and the time index t is the independent variable. Forecasting Seasonality Recall that any regularly repeating pattern is a seasonal pattern. We are all familiar with quarterly and monthly seasonal patterns. For example, seasonality includes sales of Christmas tree before Christmas, sales of jackets, hotel registrations and sales of greeting cards. The procedure for computing seasonality consists of the following steps: 1. Calculate the average demand per season . Calculate a seasonal index for each season of each year: 3. Average the indexes by season 4. Forecast demand for the next year divide by the number of seasons 5. Multiply next year’s average seasonal demand by each average seasonal index. Selecting a Forecasting Method The selection of a forecasting method is a difficult task that must be base in part on knowledge concerning the quantity being forecast. With forecasting procedures, we are generally trying to recognize a change in the underlying process of a time series while remaining insensitive to variations caused by purely random effects. The goal of planning is to respond to fundamental changes, not to spurious effect. Bibliography: Box, G. E. P and G. M. Jenkins and G. D. Reinsel, Time Series Analysis, Forecasting, and Control, Third Edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993. Brockwell, Peter J. and Davis, Richard A. (2002). Introduction to Time Series and Forecasting, 2nd. ed. , Springer-Verlang. Chatfield, C. , The Analysis of Time Series: An Introduction, Fifth Edition, Chapman Hall, Boca Raton, FL, 1996. Fuller, W. A. , Introduction to Statistical Time Series, Second Edition, John Wiley Sons, New York, 1996. (Electronic Version): StatSoft, Inc. 2012). Electronic Statistics Textbook. Tulsa, OK: StatSoft. WEB: http://www. statsoft. com/textbook/. (Printed Version): Hill, T. Lewicki, P. (2007). STATISTICS: Methods and Applications. StatSoft, Tulsa, OK. (Electronic Version): A First Course on Time Series Analysis  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ an open source book on time series analysis with  SAS WEB: http://www. statisti k-mathematik. uni-wuerzburg. de/wissenschaftforschung/time_series/ (Electronic Version): Forecasting – levels, examples, manager, definition, model, type, company   WEB:http://www. referenceforbusiness. com/management/Ex-Gov/Forecasting. html#b#ixzz28ty2DePJ How to cite Time Series Models, Essay examples

Motivation And Organizational Behavior Solution on A Employee

Question: Understand the key concepts, theories and practices which underpin the practice of management and the role of the manager in contemporary business organisations. Comprehend the complexity of management roles and functions and the diversity of management focus within modern organisations . Evaluate, describe and discuss the key concepts, approaches and skills which are necessary for the modern manager in contemporary organisations and cultures. Answer: Brief and Identify Problems in Case and How to Manage it in Kelloggs Management Structure The manager and business leaders will agree on one thing that it is a continuous challenge to keep the workers productive and motivated at workplace. The reality being what drives an individual can be different to another so it is important to understand each employee. This is in link with human development stages as each individual has different outlook of his career and on motivation (Dhaliwal, 2016). An employee spends considerable amount of time at workplace so rewarding and motivating them right is important. Each worker needs has to be satisfied by understanding their need by knowing their behavior. In some organization it is found out that employees needs are not understood that impacts the performance and productivity. They are not encouraged to take different roles by moving ahead in professional career. This is in link to the first issue motivation as this is an important component that drives the change in attitude in the way people behave. In Kelloggs management structure employees are encouraged to speak positive words for others by working on the strengths. The use of scientific management adapted by Frederick Taylor states that monetary reward is crucial. This is best for narrow job confines working in align with production line as in Kelloggs. Many individuals are still motivated by cash rewards as for them the prime factor is pay (Businesscasestudies, 2014). Employees in Kelloggs are motivated by cash alternatives by having the option of selling and buying their holiday plans. Another is Maslow theory that establishes upon the basis of five levels that needs to be satisfied in systematic order. The five stages are: Psychological Needs The workers are provided with competitive salaries for fulfilling the basic needs and Kelloggs Cornflakes flexible benefits programme that involves discount life assurance schemes, childcare vouchers, company cares etc. Safety Needs The employers have formulated health and safety rules adhered by employees by working flexible working patterns like career breaks, part-time for maintain work-life balance. Social Needs Kelloggs has a group that operates weekly by providing information on products and sales data that strengthens the team. They work according to K values by being positive and rewarding the staff for their achievement. Self-actualization Needs The employees working in Kelloggs is taking challenging opportunity by handling projects and taking the ownership solely. The second issue between management and employees is communication that is sometimes broken due to messages getting distort. The organization uses two way communications by empowering the workforce at the same time. For instance it has its coffee bar in the lobby area that accommodates around 200 people. The WK Kellogg Values Award programme reward employees and recognizes the employees talent as per their contribution to work (Businesscasestudies, 2014). This is done in order to improve the efficiency, output and quality of business provided to the customers. The motivation and communication factor is an important source to engage the employees by generating information. The management structure of Kelloggs is effective by working on the effectiveness for improving the productivity of employees Discuss and Identify Kelloggs Approach by Contributing to its Success Kelloggs approach to motivation is based upon certain motivating factors by making it the best workplace to work. This is done in accordance with employer choice as the business is delivering consistent results by taking the initiative to provide the following: Paternity and maternity leave, off time for dependents and career breaks Access to local facilities at subsidized rates and on site gyms Working in flexibility through undertaking home working, flextime and part time working Similarly, Kellogg is offering Fit for Life Programme that provides access to fitness and health programs and health check up via healthcare specialist. Secondly, the workplace has summer hours programme i.e. May to September that is adjusting the professional and personal life. For example Clarie Duckworth is working in consumer insight team and is taking part in dancing competition so this promotes the opportunity for work life balance. This motivation is effective as different individuals as different aspirations by taking their responsibility. For instance sales team meets each Friday by sharing the stories and getting inspired (Businesscasestudies, 2014). With this the employees are awarded by having both monetary and non-monetary benefits. Values are shaping, supporting the vision and providing reflection to company values by working on the philosophy and principles. The organization should have positive environment by working on the strengths of the workforce by incorporating listening as a crucial component. This makes the workforce engaged as all individuals are accepting the values of each other in the organization. According to Taylor theory it develops people so ultimately, the workplace is also developed as the employees are happy. In Maslow theory the management fulfills the five levels of needs for workforce by following the hierarchical order impacting the organizational productivity and performance (Taormina and Gao, 2013). In this theory the example of Laura Bryant is feasible as she joined as field sales team and after two years she was promoted. Her manager helped her that promoted her to assistant brand manager so this case implements Maslow by working on the ladder of her career ambitions. Thus, the use of communication also helped in passing the message without any distortion as the feedback from the employees is generated. This feedback is used to generate ideas that an employee can raise and it will be raised in the monthly meetings. The two ways communication approach is positive for the employees and management as this will affect by working in align with the organizational goals (Shajahan and Shajahan, 2004). Identify Content Theory and its Impact on Employee Performance The content theory incorporated in Kelloggs is of varied nature and it is used to motivate the employees by engaging them. Employee performance is sharing the work among workforce for achieving the goals by aligning it with organizational objectives. The various theories used for affecting employee performance are: Taylor Theory Taylor established scientific management theory that emphasis on improving the productivity of workers. In this the tasks are divided through optimization by training the workers to perform the work in a sequence motion. At the same time this theory does not help in developing individuals as it has limitation of taking the initiative of ownership (Tracy, 2014). This is done with the help of division of labour as in Kelloggs the production process is large. Maslow Theory According to Maslow a human being basic needs to have to be fulfilled for being happy and motivated. Every individual has some desire that needs to be fulfilling for achieving certain needs and that would affect the performance. The five stages are psychological, safety, social and self-actualization needs. Psychological is linked with salary, safety is associated with working in healthy and safe environment, social is belonging needs by having trust and strengthening the team and self-actualization is taking challenging opportunities (Taormina and Gao, 2013). Elton Mayo Mayo contributed towards management with human relations movement by establishing the fact that performance is depending upon content of job and social issues. This theory is about understanding the attitude of the individuals in groups with communication, management involvement and team working. When employees are being cared about their interest and views they tend to be more productive. He investigated number of methods for improving the productivity for instance lighting condition. Two-Factor Theory This theory was propounded by Fredrick Herzberg by arguing that certain factors affect work performance. The two factors stated above motivate the employees by improving performance by making him work harder. This empower the employees by delegating the work in a challenging and taking their own decision over the work life (Sachau, 2007). In Kelloggs the business would grow by motivating the employees with the use of above theories and providing them safe working conditions. The link of motivation theories has positive impact on employee performance in Kelloggs. Both the employee and management are responsible for the performance and increasing growth of workplace. They both have to work together in combination by achieving the Kelloggs goals and objectives. Application of Content Theory in Kelloggs Workforce and Critique of Kelloggs Motivating Employees The theory applied for Kellogg workforce is different as per the employee charactertics as in case of Taylor the focus on monetary reward. This reward is only applicable for employees who want cash and do not want non-monetary benefits. The salary would be paid according to amount of work performed by the individual in organization or producing the units in number known as piece work (Tracy, 2014). The output can be increased by only payment so this might be danger for organizations who want to focus on quality business. Secondly is Herzberg theory as the two factor theory is having dissatisfiers and satisfiers. The dissatisfiers are hygiene factors that are associated with the workplace like autocratic working style, environment, happy or unhappy employee. On the other hand, motivators i.e. satisfiers that provides job satisfaction by working on the roles and responsibility. This is linked with promotion, performance, effort recognition, unhappy and job. Maslow hierarchy of needs is followed for satisfying the needs by acting as motivators for working in order needs. When one level of need is fulfilled the higher order of needs are fulfilled by motivating workforce (Banks, 2005). This manner the theories ate helping in improving the productivity and success of employees in Kelloggs. The workforce is satisfied with the approach taken as motivation and encouragement is an essential part. When employees enjoy high autonomy, they receive feedback about the performance for the piece of work by utilizing the skill and experience for performing well. The application of the above mentioned theories will make the workforce engage and more productive. The motivation technique used by Kelloggs is feasible for the employees as it may be non-monetary and monetary as per the need. The various modes of motivation factor used by the organization are providing job satisfaction. They are able to pursue their professional and personal goals by having the right balance. Kelloggs being an employer is encouraging and motivating its employees from their side and at the same time employees also need to contribute equally on their part. The use of different modes of motivation for employees is work flexibility, pursuing one personal goals and being fit (Businesscasestudies, 2014). This will make the individual healthy as they are being cared by healthcare specialist for any health related problems. Another is idea generation through Snap, Crackle and Save initiative where ideas are generated that motivates by making the staff committed to their work. Here an employee suggested cardboard can be used in packaging for saving cost. It is used in man ufacturing plant that saves around 250,000 yearly. References Banks, L. (2005). Motivation in the workplace. 3rd ed. West Des Moines, Iowa: American Media Pub. Businesscasestudies.co.uk. (2014). Building a better workplace through motivation - Kellogg's | Kellogg's case studies, videos, social media and information | Business Case Studies. [online] Available at: https://businesscasestudies.co.uk/kelloggs/building-a-better-workplace-through-motivation/#axzz4H0mr6hci [Accessed 11 Aug. 2016]. Dhaliwal, A. (2016). Motivation and its impact on organization. International Journal of scientific research and management. Kontoghiorghes, C. (2008). A Holistic Approach Toward Motivation to Learn in the Workplace. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 14(4), pp.45-59. Sachau, D. (2007). Resurrecting the Motivation-Hygiene Theory: Herzberg and the Positive Psychology Movement. Human Resource Development Review, 6(4), pp.377-393. Shajahan, S. and Shajahan, L. (2004). Organization behaviour. New Delhi: New Age International. Tracy, B. (2013). Motivation. New York: AMACOM, American Management Association. Tracy, B. (2014). Management. New York: AMACOM. Yaney, J. (2008). Motivation and the Organization. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 1(1), pp.46-57.

Mongolian Business culture Essays - Asia, Progressive Alliance

Mongolian Business culture By Anning Basic information NAME: Mongolia LOCATION: Asia GOVERNMENT: Mixed Parliamentary/Presidential OFFICIAL LANGUAGE : Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian MAJOR RELIGION(S): Buddhist Lamaist 50%, Shamanist and Christian 6%, Muslim 4%, none 40% MAJOR ETHNICGROUPS: Mongol (mostly Khalkha ) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%, other (including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% Mongolia , located in Northern Asia, between China and Russia is the largest landlocked country in the world. The capital, Ulaanbaatar (Red Hero), is situated in central east Mongolia . The city spreads from east to west along a large wide valley. Urguu , the first capital of the recent Mongolian Empire, was located around 420 km from Ulaanbaatar . It was the home of Zanabazar , who had been proclaimed as head of Buddhism in Mongolia . The Mongolian history has been recorded for centuries in oral epics, sung by bards, until writing was introduced nearly 800 years ago. Little is known about the earliest inhabitants in Mongolia , but archaeological findings of uncovered human remains in the Gobi and other regions are dating back nearly 500,000 years. Agriculture seems to have preceded nomadic herding of animals, and despite Mongolia 's short summers, wheat-growing has co-existed with nomadic life for thousands of years. It was after the Mongols began to tame horses, yaks and camels that they took to a nomadic herding lifestyle. Mongolia gained fame in the 13th century when Chinggis Khan conquered a huge Eurasian empire. After Chinggis Khan was the empire divided into several powerful Mongolian states, but the states broke apart in the 14th century. Mongolia came later under Chinese rule. The country won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing. In 1924 a communist regime was installed. The MPRP (ex-Communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party) won elections in 1990 and 1992, but was defeated by the Democratic Union Coalition in the 1996 parliamentary election. In 2000, parliamentary elections returned the MPRP overwhelmingly to power, and produced a coalition government in 2004. Mongolia consists of 21 provinces and 1 municipality; Arhangay , Bayanhongor , Bayan- Olgiy , Bulgan , Darhan-Uul , Dornod , Dornogovi , Dundgovi , Dzavhan , Govi -Altay, Govisumber , Hentiy , Hovd , Hovsgol , Omnogovi , Orhon , Ovorhangay , Selenge , Suhbaatar , Tov, Uvs , and Ulaanbaatar (municipality). Economic activity in Mongolia has traditionally been based on herding and agriculture. Mongolia has extensive mineral deposits; gold, tungsten, copper, tin, coal, and molybdenum, account for a large part of industrial production. China , Russia and Japan are Mongolia 's main trading partners. Today is Mongolia a modern country where people drive their fancy land cruisers, while talking to their trendy mobile phone. Economic growth has been encouraging, while the elections of 2004 shows that democracy is really ruling the country. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization in 1997, and seeks to expand its participation and integration into Asian regional economic and trade regimes. MEETINGS AND GREETINGS Greetings are formal and the oldest person is always greeted first. Handshakes are the most common form of greeting with foreigners. Many Mongolians will look towards the ground when greeting someone. BUSINESS PRACTISE Most foreign citizens need a Mongolian visa to enter the country (exceptions; US, Israel , Malaysia , Philippines , Poland and Singapore ). A formal business invitation will also be needed, issued by the Mongolian company. Contact should therefore be made prior to the visa application. Communication is formal. At this stage you should find out: what language your counterpart prefers for the meeting if your counterpart will provide for an interpreter, as Mongolian interpreters may be difficult to find elsewhere in the world Mongolians like doing business with companies they know, so working through an intermediary is crucial. Avoid scheduling appointments close to public holidays. Prepare you presentation in detail. Make handouts, and copies of documents and prospect. Forward presentation material (in the language prefered ) that describe your company, its history, and literature about your products and services. Forward also your agenda and the biography of the representatives in your group. The Mongolians might use intermediaries to ask questions that they would prefer not to make directly. BUSINESS MEETINGS AND NEGOTIATIONS Punctuality is vital, so arrive in time

Writing a Sample Sociological Imagination Essay

Writing a Sample Sociological Imagination EssayWriting a sample sociological imagination essay is not just a simple exercise, but a way to test the students' ability to think. So, how do you write a sample paper for sociology?One of the most important things to remember when writing a sociological imagination essay is to create something that is both interesting and original. The students must come up with something that they have never thought of before. There are so many areas in life where it is impossible to think in new ways, therefore writing sample paper gives the students a way to think outside the box.The students should choose a topic that interests them. This will give them the idea of what they are going to talk about and will help them come up with a better essay than if they had chosen a topic that is already used in their school curriculum.Another thing to remember is that the students should work hard on their sociological imagination essay. It will not be good enough to sit down one day and start writing a paper, especially if it is not original or interesting. The students must put forth a lot of effort in order to come up with a writing that is both unique and educational.After students have written their paper, they should take into consideration the opinions of other students and consider changing their topic. They can do this by asking their fellow classmates or, if they want to, by writing a paper and submitting it to their school's curriculum review committee. The committee members can then make a recommendation to the school's dean or principal, which will allow them to change the course of study for the class.Writing a sample sociological imagination essay can also be a way for students to ask for advice. Students can also add extra materials, such as pictures or diagrams, to give the reader a better idea of what they are thinking of.Writing a sample sociological imagination essay is a way for students to use writing to get a better id ea of what they are going to say. It is important for students to remember that an imagination can be written down or projected, therefore it should be done with care and attention.

Non Verbal Communication in Shopping Malls Essays

Non Verbal Communication in Shopping Malls Essays Non Verbal Communication in Shopping Malls Paper Non Verbal Communication in Shopping Malls Paper Nonverbal communication is the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless (mostly visual) cues between people. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, body language or posture, physical distance, facial expression and eye contact, which are all types of nonverbal communication. Speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, rate, pitch, volume, and speaking style, as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation, and stress.Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page. However, much of the study of nonverbal communication has focused on face-to-face interaction, where it can be classified into three principal areas: environmental conditions where communication takes place, physical characteristics of the communicators, and behaviours of communicators during interaction. Importance:- Nonver bal communication is the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless (mostly visual) cues between people.It is one of the most important methods of communication in shopping malls as it needs to be communicated to a large number of people. When the other person or group is absorbing the message they are focused on the entire environment around them, meaning the other person uses all five senses in the interaction: 83% sight, 11% hearing, 3% smell, 2% touch and 1% taste. Nonverbal communication strengthens a first impression in common situations like attracting a partner or in a business interview: impressions are on average formed within the first four seconds of contact.First encounters or interactions with another person strongly affect a persons perception. The advantages of non-verbal communication are: 1) You can communicate with someone who is hard of hearing of deaf. 2) You can communicate at place where you are supposed to maintain silence. 3) You can com municate something which you dont want others to hear or listen to. 4) You can communicate if you are far away from a person. The person can see but not hear you. 5) Non-verbal communication makes conversation short and brief. 6) You can save on time and use it as a tool to communicate with people who dont understand your language.The disadvantages of non-verbal communication are: 1) You cannot have long conversation. 2) Cannot discuss the particulars of your message 3) Difficult to understand and requires a lot of repetitions. 4) Cannot be used as a public tool for communication. 6) Less influential and cannot be used everywhere. 7) Not everybody prefers to communicate through non-verbal communication. 8) Cannot create an impression upon people/listeners. In short Non-Verbal Communication needs to be concise and clear to make sure the message is communicated and understood by the receiver. Types of Non-Verbal Communication:-There are 2 main types of Non-Verbal Communication which a re:- 1. Sign Language- Sign language (also signed language or simply signing) is a language which, instead of acoustically conveyed sound patterns, uses manual communication and body language to convey meaning. It can be further divided into Visual Signs Audio Signs 2. Body Language- Body language refers to forms of non-verbal communication, wherein a person reveals clues as to some unspoken intention or feeling through their physical behaviour. Majority of Non-Verbal communication found in shopping malls are sign language. Visual signs in shopping malls:-This is main type of non-verbal communication in shopping malls. Messages are conveyed to people by the means of visual signs and written communication as they need to be spread to a large audience of people. Some examples of them are:- 1. Him/Her- This is most common and widely used visual sign not only in shopping malls but in any building open to the public. Mainly used to differentiate between men’s and women’s to ilet. 2. No Smoking- It is denoted by a red circle with a cross and a cigarette in the middle. It is used to convey that, smoking is strictly prohibited in a particular area. 3.Danger- This is also a widely used sign to warn the people about potential dangers around them. Mainly denoted by a skull and two bones crossed below it, in malls it is mainly used to keep people out of the electricity/generator room. 4. Escalator Sign- Used to direct the public towards the escalators. 5. Elevator Sign- Used to direct the public towards the elevators. 6. Parking/No Parking- Used to show areas where cars can and cannot be parked. 7. No Pets Allowed 8. Wet Floor These are just a few examples of how visual signs are used to communicate in malls. Audio signs in shopping malls:-Audio is also an integral part of non-verbal communication in shopping malls. These messages are conveyed not through spoken words but by different noises. Some examples are:- 1. Fire Alarm- This is an universal audio sign used to warn people about fire being caught inside the building. 2. Anti-Theft detectors- Many shops in malls have anti-theft detectors that make noise if someone passes through it without paying for item. 3. Metal Detectors- It is mandatory to go through metal detectors before entering any mall to find out if anyone is carrying explosives or weapons inside the mall. An alarm goes off if they are detected.

The 10 Commandments Of Writing Great Copy

The 10 Commandments Of Writing Great Copy What does it take to write great copy? Great copy looks different depending upon where you find it; each audience has a different set of copywriting rules that they respond to. Great blog copy might make terrible ad copy, and vice versa. So lets talk about the copy youre creating for your website and blog. What rules apply? 1. Write as a conversation. People prefer conversations rather than lectures. Lectures talk down to them, while conversations speak with them on the same level. How do you write conversationally? Theres a real human here. When I write, I have a specific person in mind as I write. I need a face to write to, or I write generic, faceless posts. This approach keeps me from acting as if I am lording over a reader, but sitting next to her and having a conversation about something. Perhaps it is a fan on Twitter or a reader who left a comment who I am thinking of when writing. This is made easier when you listen to your audiences feedback and write posts that they request or suggest. Second person over there. When you illustrate with a real-life example, its OK to use the first-person (I, me, we). For the rest of your post, use second person (you, yours). Grammar says no, dont mix the two, but think of how you carry on a conversation. You should stay away from skunks. Why? I had a bad experience once. Thought it was a cat. You really want to avoid that. You can mix the two in your blog copy if you reserve I for your examples and stories, and you for the rest. The point is to be conscious of it, and not sloppily mix we and you from one paragraph to the next when no illustration or personal story is involved. 2. Dont fall in love with your pets. Kill them. You have pet phrases that you love. These are the ways of handling words and ideas that you return to again and again. Maybe you are like Ronald Reagan, and prefer to start everything with a well, Your pets have been loyal and served you well and you dont even notice them anymore, but not everyone who visits your blog appreciates your dog jumping up on them and slobbering all over their face every paragraph or so. During the edit process, look for the so, but, well, therefore that dont need to be there. Youll often see them at the start of a sentence. Look for the larger phrases, too. At the end of the day, to make matters worse, if you can believe it, they arent necessary. They are pets, not work horses. You want words that do work, not look cute. 3. Make friends with simplicity. Simple is good. If churning out copy is what you do all day, youll find it easy to bloat your writing. Words are what you think of and write all day long, and when weariness seeps in, your copy starts to bloat because it is  more difficult to write simple sentences that it is to write long sentences. When you are tired of writing, your copy gets bloated. Simple writing takes more work.You are free to start complicated, as long as you end up simple. Thats part of the blog writing system we use here. What is simple copy? Speaks plainly and directly.  Says what it means to say. Not laden with gimmicks, either in words or ideas. Has breathing room, both in white space on the page and the sound of the sentences (mix short with long sentences). Clear ideas. No meandering around. Skips jargon and impossible words that make readers feel stupid when they dont understand. Stand up straight and speak directly. If youre afraid to say something in your copy, wrapping it in pet phrases and caveats doesnt soften the blow. It merely makes it mushy. 4. Write to sell. All writing is selling. It pains me to say that out of fear of being crass, but even fiction writing is selling. It sells an ideology, a philosophy, a fantasy, a hope, a chance. You have to know what you are selling with your copy before you can write the copy.